Medical Specialty: Physical Medicine - Rehab
Sample Name: Physical Therapy - Brain Tumor Removal

DIAGNOSIS:,  Status post brain tumor removal.,HISTORY:,  The patient is a 64-year-old female referred to physical therapy following complications related to brain tumor removal.  The patient reports that on 10/24/08 she had a brain tumor removed and had left-sided weakness.  The patient was being seen in physical therapy from 11/05/08 to 11/14/08 then she began having complications.  The patient reports that she was admitted to Hospital on 12/05/08.  At that time, they found massive swelling on the brain and a second surgery was performed.  The patient then remained in acute rehab until she was discharged to home on 01/05/09.  The patient's husband, Al, is also present and he reports that during rehabilitation the patient did have a DVT in the left calf that has since been resolved.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: , Unremarkable.,MEDICATIONS:  ,Coumadin, Keppra, Decadron, and Glucophage.,SUBJECTIVE: , The patient reports that the pain is not an issue at this time.  The patient states that her primary concern is her left-sided weakness as related to her balance and her walking and her left arm weakness.,PATIENT GOAL:  ,To increase strength in her left leg for better balance and walking.,OBJECTIVE:,RANGE OF MOTION:  Bilateral lower extremities are within normal limits.,STRENGTH:  Bilateral lower extremities are grossly 5/5 with one repetition, except left hip reflexion 4+/5.,BALANCE:  The patient's balance was assessed with a Berg balance test.  The patient has got 46/56 points, which places her at moderate risk for falls.,GAIT:  The patient ambulates with contact guard assist.  The patient ambulates with a reciprocal gait pattern with good bilateral foot clearance.  However, the patient has been reports that with increased fatigue, left footdrop tends to occur.  A 6-minute walk test will be performed at the next visit due to time constraints.,ASSESSMENT: , The patient is a 64-year-old female referred to Physical Therapy status post brain surgery.  Examination indicates deficits in strength, balance, and ambulation.  The patient will benefit from skilled physical therapy to address these impairments.,TREATMENT PLAN: , The patient will be seen three times per week for 4 weeks and then reduce it to two times per week for 4 additional weeks.  Interventions include:,1.  Therapeutic exercise.,2.  Balance training.,3.  Gait training.,4.  Functional mobility training.,SHORT TERM GOAL TO BE COMPLETED IN 4 WEEKS:,1.  The patient is to tolerate 30 repetitions of all lower extremity exercises.,2.  The patient is to improve balance with a score of 50/56 points.,3.  The patient is to ambulate 1000 feet in a 6-minute walk test with standby assist.,LONG TERM GOAL TO BE ACHIEVED IN 8 WEEKS:,1.  The patient is to ambulate independently within her home and standby to general supervision within the community.,2.  Berg balance test to be 52/56.,3.  The patient is to ambulate a 6-minute walk test for 1500 feet independently including safe negotiation of corners and busy areas.,4.  The patient is to demonstrate safely stepping over and around objects without loss of balance.,Prognosis for the above-stated goals is good.  The above treatment plan has been discussed with the patient and her husband.  They are in agreement.
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DESCRIPTION: Status post brain tumor removal.   The patient is a 64-year-old female referred to physical therapy following complications related to brain tumor removal.  She had a brain tumor removed and had left-sided weakness.

The situation involves a 64-year-old female who has undergone brain tumor removal and is now facing complications, including left-sided weakness. While these health issues significantly impact her quality of life and mobility, the stakes are moderate in a medical context as the immediate treatment plan focuses on rehabilitation and improving physical function and balance through physical therapy. The prognosis is good, and there are no current life-threatening complications presented. The situation requires careful management and poses risks typical of post-surgical rehabilitation in older adults, especially given the history of DVT and brain swelling after surgery. However, this does not reach the highest level of urgency or danger such as imminent risk to life or acute medical crises.


You are an LLM as part of a medical assistant system, interacting with medical practitioners to improve efficiency.

Medical Specialty: Physical Medicine - Rehab
Sample Name: Physical Therapy - Osteoarthritis

DIAGNOSIS: , Left knee osteoarthritis.,HISTORY: , The patient is a 58-year-old female, referred to therapy due to left knee osteoarthritis.  The patient states that approximately 2 years ago, she fell to the ground and thereafter had blood clots in the knee area.  The patient was transferred from the hospital to a nursing home and lived there for 1 year.  Prior to this incident, the patient was ambulating independently with a pickup walker throughout her home.  Since that time, the patient has only been performing transverse and has been unable to ambulate.  The patient states that her primary concern is her left knee pain and they desire to walk short distances again in her home.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: , High blood pressure, obesity, right patellar fracture with pin in 1990, and history of blood clots.,MEDICATIONS:  ,Naproxen, Plavix, and stool softener.,MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS: , The patient states that she had an x-ray of the knee in 2007 and was diagnosed with osteoarthritis.,SUBJECTIVE:,  The patient reports that when seated and at rest, her knee pain is 0/10.  The patient states that with active motion of the left knee, the pain in the anterior portion increases to 5/10.,PATIENT'S GOAL: , To transfer better and walk 5 feet from her bed to the couch.,INSPECTION: , The right knee has a large 8-inch long and very wide tight scar with adhesions to the underlying connective tissue due to her patellar fracture and surgery following an MVA in 1990, bilateral knees are very large due to obesity.  There are no scars, bruising or increased temperature noted in the left knee.,RANGE OF MOTION: , Active and passive range of motion of the right knee is 0 to 90 degrees and the left knee, 0 to 85 degrees.  Pain is elicited during active range of motion of the left knee.,PALPATION: , Palpation to the left knee elicits pain around the patellar tendon and to each side of this area.,FUNCTIONAL MOBILITY:  ,The patient reports that she transfers with standby to contact-guard assist in the home from her bed to her wheelchair and return.  The patient is able to stand modified independent from wheelchair level and tolerates at least 15 seconds of standing prior to needing to sit down due to the left knee pain.,ASSESSMENT:  ,The patient is a 58-year-old female with left knee osteoarthritis.  Examination indicates deficits in pain, muscle endurance, and functional mobility.  The patient would benefit from skilled physical therapy to address these impairments.,TREATMENT PLAN:  ,The patient will be seen two times per week for an initial 4 weeks with re-assessment at that time for an additional 4 weeks if needed.,INTERVENTIONS INCLUDE:,1.  Modalities including electrical stimulation, ultrasound, heat, and ice.,2.  Therapeutic exercise.,3.  Functional mobility training.,4.  Gait training.,LONG-TERM GOALS TO BE ACHIEVED IN 4 WEEKS:,1.  The patient is to have increased endurance in bilateral lower extremities as demonstrated by being able to perform 20 repetitions of all lower extremity exercises in seated and supine positions with minimum 2-pound weight.,2.  The patient is to perform standby assist transfer using a pickup walker.,3.  The patient is to demonstrate 4 steps of ambulation using forward and backward using a pickup walker or front-wheeled walker.,4.  The patient is to report maximum 3/10 pain with weightbearing of 2 minutes in the left knee.,LONG-TERM GOALS TO BE ACHIEVED IN 8 WEEKS:,1.  The patient is to be independent with the home exercise program.,2.  The patient is to tolerate 20 reps of standing exercises with pain maximum of 3/10.,3.  The patient is to ambulate 20 feet with the most appropriate assistive device.,PROGNOSIS TO THE ABOVE-STATED GOALS:,  Fair to good.,The above treatment plan has been discussed with the patient.  She is in agreement.
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DESCRIPTION: The patient is a 58-year-old female, referred to therapy due to left knee osteoarthritis.  The patient states that approximately 2 years ago, she fell to the ground and thereafter had blood clots in the knee area.  The patient was transferred from the hospital to a nursing home and lived there for 1 year.  The patient states that her primary concern is her left knee pain and they desire to walk short distances again in her home.

The situation involves a patient who has significant mobility challenges due to left knee osteoarthritis, compounded by a history of a previous fall and blood clots. While this condition affects the quality of life and daily independence, it is not life-threatening. The treatment plan outlines a clear path for rehabilitation aimed at improving mobility and managing pain. The stakes here are moderate as it affects the patient's functionality and quality of life but does not present an immediate health crisis.

Filled in based on scale_labels and scale_label_confidence


Medical Specialty: Physical Medicine - Rehab
Sample Name: EMG/Nerve Conduction Study - 8

REFERRING DIAGNOSIS: , Motor neuron disease.,PERTINENT HISTORY AND EXAMINATION:,  Briefly, the patient is an 83-year-old woman with a history of progression of dysphagia for the past year, dysarthria, weakness of her right arm, cramps in her legs, and now with progressive weakness in her upper extremities.,SUMMARY:  ,The right median sensory response showed a borderline normal amplitude for age with mild slowing of conduction velocity.  The right ulnar sensory amplitude was reduced with slowing of the conduction velocity.  The right radial sensory amplitude was reduced with slowing of the conduction velocity.  The right sural and left sural sensory responses were absent.  The right median motor response showed a prolonged distal latency across the wrist, with proximal slowing.  The distal amplitude was very reduced, and there was a reduction with proximal stimulation.  The right ulnar motor amplitude was borderline normal, with slowing of the conduction velocity across the elbow.  The right common peroneal motor response showed a decreased amplitude when recorded from the EDB, with mild slowing of the proximal conduction velocity across the knee.  The right tibial motor response showed a reduced amplitude with prolongation of the distal latency.  The left common peroneal response recorded from the EDB showed a decreased amplitude with mild distal slowing.  The left tibial motor response showed a decreased amplitude with a borderline normal distal latency.  The minimum F-wave latencies were normal with the exception of a mild prolongation of the ulnar F-wave latency, and the tibial F-wave latency as indicated above.  With repetitive nerve stimulation, there was no significant decrement noted in either the right nasalis or the right trapezius muscles.  Concentric needle EMG studies were performed in the right lower extremity, right upper extremity, thoracic paraspinals, and in the tongue.  There was evidence of increased insertional activity in the right tibialis anterior muscle, with evidence of fasciculations noted in several lower and upper extremity muscles and in the tongue.  In addition, there was evidence of increased amplitude, long duration and polyphasic motor units with a decreased recruitment noted in most muscles tested as indicated in the table above.,INTERPRETATION: , Abnormal electrodiagnostic study.  There is electrodiagnostic evidence of a disorder of the anterior motor neurons affecting at least four segments.  There is also evidence of a more generalized neuropathy that seems to be present in both the upper and lower extremities.  There is also evidence of a right median mononeuropathy at the wrist and a right ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.  Even despite the patient's age, the decrease in sensory responses is concerning, and makes it difficult to be certain about the diagnosis of motor neuron disease.  However, the overall changes on the needle EMG would be consistent with a diagnosis of motor neuron disease.  The patient will return for further evaluation.
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DESCRIPTION: A woman with a history of progression of dysphagia for the past year, dysarthria, weakness of her right arm, cramps in her legs, and now with progressive weakness in her upper extremities.  Abnormal electrodiagnostic study.

physical medicine - rehab, electrodiagnostic study, electrodiagnostic, edb, latency, nerve conduction study, emg, motor neuron disease, distal latency, motor response, motor, amplitude, conduction

The situation involves the evaluation and diagnosis of a potential motor neuron disease, a serious and progressive neurological disorder. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical because motor neuron diseases, such as ALS, can have severe implications on the patient's quality of life and require urgent management and care planning. While the patient's age and symptoms suggest a serious condition, the electrodiagnostic findings complicate the certainty of the diagnosis. These aspects together make the scenario high-stakes due to the sensitivity and urgency of confirming or ruling out a severe diagnosis.


Medical Specialty: Physical Medicine - Rehab
Sample Name: EMG/Nerve Conduction Study - 4

NERVE CONDUCTION STUDIES:,  Bilateral ulnar sensory responses are absent.  Bilateral median sensory distal latencies are prolonged with a severely attenuated evoked response amplitude.  The left radial sensory response is normal and robust.  Left sural response is absent.  Left median motor distal latency is prolonged with attenuated evoked response amplitude.  Conduction velocity across the forearm is mildly slowed.  Right median motor distal latency is prolonged with a normal evoked response amplitude and conduction velocity.  The left ulnar motor distal latency is prolonged with a severely attenuated evoked response amplitude both below and above the elbow.  Conduction velocities across the forearm and across the elbow are prolonged.  Conduction velocity proximal to the elbow is normal.  The right median motor distal latency is normal with normal evoked response amplitudes at the wrist with a normal evoked response amplitude at the wrist.  There is mild diminution of response around the elbow.  Conduction velocity slows across the elbow.  The left common peroneal motor distal latency evoked response amplitude is normal with slowed conduction velocity across the calf and across the fibula head.  F-waves are prolonged.,NEEDLE EMG: , Needle EMG was performed on the left arm and lumbosacral and cervical paraspinal muscles as well as middle thoracic muscles using a disposable concentric needle.  It revealed spontaneous activity in lower cervical paraspinals, left abductor pollicis brevis, and first dorsal interosseous muscles.  There were signs of chronic reinnervation in triceps, extensor digitorum communis, flexor pollicis longus as well first dorsal interosseous and abductor pollicis brevis muscles.,IMPRESSION: , This electrical study is abnormal.  It reveals the following:,1.  A sensory motor length-dependent neuropathy consistent with diabetes.,2.  A severe left ulnar neuropathy.  This is probably at the elbow, although definitive localization cannot be made.,3.  Moderate-to-severe left median neuropathy.  This is also probably at the carpal tunnel, although definitive localization cannot be made.,4.  Right ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, mild.,5.  Right median neuropathy at the wrist consistent with carpal tunnel syndrome, moderate.,6.  A left C8 radiculopathy (double crush syndrome).,7.  There is no evidence for thoracic radiculitis.,The patient has made very good response with respect to his abdominal pain since starting Neurontin.  He still has mild allodynia and is waiting for authorization to get insurance coverage for his Lidoderm patch.  He is still scheduled for MRI of C-spine and T-spine.  I will see him in followup after the above scans.
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DESCRIPTION: EMG/Nerve Conduction Study showing sensory motor length-dependent neuropathy consistent with diabetes, severe left ulnar neuropathy, and moderate-to-severe left median neuropathy,

physical medicine - rehab, emg, nerve conduction study, nerve conduction studies, needle emg, electrical study, neuropathy, ulnar neuropathy, median neuropathy, severely attenuated evoked response, normal evoked response amplitude, attenuated evoked response amplitude, median motor distal latency, motor distal latency, abductor pollicis, pollicis brevis, dorsal interosseous, carpal tunnel, conduction, emg/nerve, needle,

The patient is experiencing multiple neuropathies, including severe left ulnar neuropathy and moderate-to-severe left median neuropathy, alongside sensory motor neuropathy consistent with diabetes. These conditions can significantly impact quality of life and functional ability, requiring careful management. However, this does not involve an immediate life-threatening condition, but rather ongoing management and potentially significant impact on the patient's daily living. The patient's current state does not indicate an acute emergency, but it's crucial for their quality of life and longer-term health outcomes. Thus, it's high enough to not ignore but not at the level of an immediate critical or life-threatening issue.


Medical Specialty: Physical Medicine - Rehab
Sample Name: EMG/Nerve Conduction Study - 5

She has an extensive past medical history of rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and irritable bowel syndrome.  She has also had bilateral carpal tunnel release.,On examination, normal range of movement of C-spine.  She has full strength in upper and lower extremities.  Normal straight leg raising.  Reflexes are 2 and symmetric throughout.  No Babinski.  She has numbness to light touch in her right big toe.,NERVE CONDUCTION STUDIES:  The right median palmar sensory distal latencies are minimally prolonged with minimally attenuated evoked response amplitude.  Bilateral tibial motor nerves could not be obtained (technical).  The remaining nerves tested revealed normal distal latencies, evoked response amplitudes, conduction velocities, F-waves, and H. reflexes.,NEEDLE EMG:  Needle EMG was performed on the right arm and leg and lumbosacral and cervical paraspinal muscles and the left FDI.  It revealed 2+ spontaneous activity in the right APB and FDI and 1+ spontaneous activity in lower cervical paraspinals, lower and middle lumbosacral paraspinals, right extensor digitorum communis muscle, and right pronator teres.  There was evidence of chronic denervation in the right first dorsal interosseous, pronator teres, abductor pollicis brevis, and left first dorsal interosseous.,IMPRESSION:  This electrical study is abnormal.  It reveals the following:,1.  An active right C8/T1 radiculopathy.  Electrical abnormalities are moderate.,2.  An active right C6/C7 radiculopathy.  Electrical abnormalities are mild.,3.  Evidence of chronic left C8/T1 denervation.  No active denervation.,4.  Mild right lumbosacral radiculopathies.  This could not be further localized because of normal EMG testing in the lower extremity muscles.,5.  There is evidence of mild sensory carpal tunnel on the right (she has had previous carpal tunnel release).,Results were discussed with the patient.  It appears that she has failed conservative therapy and I have recommended to her that she return to Dr. X for his assessment for possible surgery to her C-spine.  She will continue with conservative therapy for the mild lumbosacral radiculopathies.
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DESCRIPTION: The patient is status post C3-C4 anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.

physical medicine - rehab, emg, nerve conduction study, needle emg, paraspinal muscles, radiculopathy, electrical abnormalities, carpal tunnel release, evoked response, lumbosacral radiculopathies, conservative therapy, carpal tunnel, conduction, emg/nerve,

The situation involves a detailed report and interpretation of a nerve conduction study and EMG for a patient with significant medical history, as well as recommendations for possible surgical intervention. It pertains to ongoing management of multiple chronic conditions and potential surgical intervention, which carries inherent risks. However, it appears to be a planned and elective scenario. The stakes are moderate because while the potential surgery implies significant impacts on the patient's health and quality of life, it is not an emergency situation.


Medical Specialty: Physical Medicine - Rehab
Sample Name: EMG/Nerve Conduction Study - 2

HISTORY: , The patient is a 78-year-old right-handed inpatient with longstanding history of cervical spinal stenosis status post decompression, opioid dependence, who has had longstanding low back pain radiating into the right leg.  She was undergoing a spinal epidural injection about a month ago and had worsening of right low back pain, which radiates down into her buttocks and down to posterior aspect of her thigh into her knee.  This has required large amounts of opioid analgesics to control.  She has been basically bedridden because of this.  She was brought into hospital for further investigations.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: , On examination, she has positive straight leg rising on the right with severe shooting, radicular type pain with right leg movement.  Difficult to assess individual muscles, but strength is largely intact.  Sensory examination is symmetric.  Deep tendon reflexes reveal hyporeflexia in both patellae, which probably represents a cervical myelopathy from prior cord compression.  She has slightly decreased right versus left ankle reflexes.  The Babinski's are positive.  On nerve conduction studies, motor and sensory distal latencies, evoked response amplitudes, conduction velocities, and F-waves are normal in lower extremities.,NEEDLE EMG: , Needle EMG was performed on the right leg and lumbosacral paraspinal muscles using a disposable concentric needle.  It reveals the spontaneous activity in right peroneus longus and gastrocnemius medialis muscles as well as the right lower lumbosacral paraspinal muscles.  There is evidence of denervation in right gastrocnemius medialis muscle.,IMPRESSION: , This electrical study is abnormal.  It reveals the following:,1.  Inactive right S1 (L5) radiculopathy.,2.  There is no evidence of left lower extremity radiculopathy, peripheral neuropathy or entrapment neuropathy.,Results were discussed with the patient and she is scheduled for imaging studies in the next day.
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DESCRIPTION: A ight-handed inpatient with longstanding history of cervical spinal stenosis status post decompression, opioid dependence, who has had longstanding low back pain radiating into the right leg.

physical medicine - rehab, needle emg, radiculopathy, electrical study, emg, nerve conduction study, cervical spinal stenosis, lumbosacral paraspinal muscles, gastrocnemius medialis muscles, spinal stenosis, post decompression, lumbosacral paraspinal, paraspinal muscles, gastrocnemius medialis, medialis muscles, decompression, emg/nerve, conduction, cervical, spinal, needle, muscles,

The situation describes a 78-year-old patient with complex medical history including opioid dependence, significant pain, and neurological symptoms which have left her bedridden. Such a case requires careful management to avoid further complications, especially considering her age and the complications from cervical spinal stenosis. The stakes are high because the patient's quality of life and functional status are significantly affected, and there is a need for further imaging studies to clarify the cause and direct further treatment.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Well-Child Check - 7

SUBJECTIVE:,  This is a 1-month-old who comes in for a healthy checkup.  Mom says things are gone very well.  He is kind of acting like he has got a little bit of sore throat but no fevers.  He is still eating well.  He is up to 4 ounces every feeding.  He has not been spitting up.  Voiding and stooling well.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:,  Reviewed, very healthy.,CURRENT MEDICATIONS:,  None.,ALLERGIES TO MEDICINES:,  None.,DIETARY: , His formula fed on Enfamil Lipil.  Voiding and stooling well.  Growth chart reviewed with Mom.,DEVELOPMENTAL:,  He is starting to track with his eyes.  He is smiling a little bit, moving hands and feet symmetrically.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:,  In general well-developed, well-nourished male in no acute distress.,DERMATOLOGIC:  Without rash or lesion.,HEENT:  Head normocephalic and atraumatic.  Anterior fontanel soft and flat.  Eyes:  Pupils equal, round and reactive to light.  Extraocular movements intact.  Red reflexes present bilaterally.  Does appear to have conjugate gaze.  Ears:  Tympanic membranes are pink to gray, translucent, neutral position, normal light reflex and mobility.  Nares are patent, pink mucosa, moist.  Oropharynx clear with pink mucosa, normal moisture.,NECK:  Supple without masses.,CHEST:  Clear to auscultation and percussion with easy respirations and no accessory muscle use.,CARDIOVASCULAR:  Regular rate and rhythm without murmurs, rubs, heaves or gallops.,ABDOMEN:  Soft, nontender, nondistended without hepatosplenomegaly.,GU EXAM:  Normal Tanner I male.  Testes descended bilaterally.  No hernias noted.,EXTREMITIES:  Pink and warm.  Moving all extremities well.  No subluxation of the hips and leg creases appear symmetric.,NEUROLOGIC:  Alert, otherwise nonfocal.  2+ deep tendon reflexes at the knees.  Fixes and follows appropriately to both voice and face.,ASSESSMENT:,  Well child check.,PLAN:,1.  Diet, growth and safety discussed.,2.  Immunizations discussed and updated with hepatitis B.,3.  Return to clinic at two months of age.  Call if problems.
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DESCRIPTION: 1-month-old for a healthy checkup - Well child check

The situation describes a routine 1-month well-child checkup for a healthy infant, which is a standard pediatric practice. The child is showing normal developmental progress and has no pressing medical issues. Given the absence of acute distress or significant medical concerns, the stakes are low in terms of immediate health risks or decision-making required.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Well-Child Check - 6

SUBJECTIVE:,  Patient presents with Mom and Dad for her 5-year 3-month well-child check.  Family has not concerns stating patient has been doing well overall since last visit.  Taking in a well-balanced diet consisting of milk and dairy products, fruits, vegetables, proteins and grains with minimal junk food and snack food.  No behavioral concerns.  Gets along well with peers as well as adults.  Is excited to start kindergarten this upcoming school year.  Does attend daycare.  Normal voiding and stooling pattern.  No concerns with hearing or vision.  Sees the dentist regularly.  Growth and development:  Denver II normal passing all developmental milestones per age in areas of fine motor, gross motor, personal and social interaction and speech and language development.  See Denver II form in the chart.,ALLERGIES:,  None.,MEDICATIONS: , None.,FAMILY SOCIAL HISTORY:,  Unchanged since last checkup.  Lives at home with mother, father and sibling.  No smoking in the home.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:,  As per HPI; otherwise negative.,OBJECTIVE:,Vital Signs:  Weight 43 pounds.  Height 42-1/4 inches.  Temperature 97.7.  Blood pressure 90/64.,General:  Well-developed, well-nourished, cooperative, alert and interactive 5-year -3month-old white female in no acute distress.,HEENT:  Atraumatic, normocephalic.  Pupils equal, round and reactive.  Sclerae clear.  Red reflex present bilaterally.  Extraocular muscles intact.  TMs clear bilaterally.  Oropharynx:  Mucous membranes moist and pink.  Good dentition.,Neck:  Supple, no lymphadenopathy.,Chest:  Clear to auscultation bilaterally.  No wheeze or crackles.  Good air exchange.,Cardiovascular:  Regular rate and rhythm.  No murmur.  Good pulses bilaterally.,Abdomen:  Soft, nontender.  Nondistended.  Positive bowel sounds.  No masses or organomegaly.,GU:  Tanner I female genitalia.  Femoral pulses equal bilaterally.  No rash.,Extremities:  Full range of motion.  No cyanosis, clubbing or edema.,Back:  Straight.  No scoliosis.,Integument:  Warm, dry and pink without lesions.,Neurological:  Alert.  Good muscle tone and strength.  Cranial nerves II-XII grossly intact.  DTRs 2+/4+ bilaterally.,ASSESSMENT/PLAN:,1. Well 5-year 3-month-old white female.,2. Anticipatory guidance for growth and diet development and safety issues as well as immunizations.  Will receive MMR, DTaP and IPV today.  Discussed risks and benefits as well as possible side effects and symptomatic treatment.  Gave 5-year well-child check handout to mom.  Completed school pre-participation physical.  Copy in the chart.  Completed vision and hearing screening.  Reviewed results with family.,3. Follow up in one year for next well-child check or as needed for acute care.
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DESCRIPTION: A 3-month well-child check.

A 3-month well-child check.

pediatrics - neonatal, denver ii, child check, mom, diet, growth, denver, family, development, child, check,

The situation describes a routine well-child check for a pediatric patient with no reported health concerns. The check-up is standard and all developmental milestones are being met. As there are no issues or urgent medical concerns reported, and the child is to receive standard vaccinations, this situation is low-stakes. Well-child check-ups are generally preventive in nature, assessing growth and development, and addressing any developmental concerns if they arise.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Well-Child Check - 4

SUBJECTIVE:,  The patient presents with Mom and Dad for her 1-year well child check.  The family has no concerns stating the patient has been doing well overall since the last visit taking in a well-balanced diet consisting of formula transitioning to whole milk, fruits, vegetables, proteins and grains.  Normal voiding and stooling pattern.  No concerns with hearing or vision.  Growth and development:  Denver II normal passing all developmental milestones per age in areas of fine motor, gross motor, personal and social interaction as well as speech and language development.  See Denver II form in the chart.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:,  Allergies:  None.  Medications:  Tylenol this morning in preparation for vaccines and a multivitamin daily.,FAMILY SOCIAL HISTORY:,  Unchanged since last checkup.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:,  As per HPI; otherwise negative.,OBJECTIVE:,  Weight 24 pounds 1 ounce.  Height 30 inches.  Head circumference 46.5 cm.  Temperature afebrile.,General:  A well-developed, well-nourished, cooperative, alert and interactive 1-year-old white female smiling, happy and drooling.,HEENT:  Atraumatic, normocephalic.  Anterior fontanel is closed.  Pupils equally round and reactive.  Sclerae are clear.  Red reflex present bilaterally.  Extraocular muscles intact.  TMs are clear bilaterally.  Oropharynx:  Mucous membranes are moist and pink.  Good dentition.  Drooling and chewing with teething behavior today.  Neck is supple.  No lymphadenopathy.,Chest:  Clear to auscultation bilaterally.  No wheeze.  No crackles.  Good air exchange.,Cardiovascular:  Regular rate and rhythm.  No murmur.  Good pulses bilaterally.,Abdomen:  Soft, nontender.  Nondistended.  Positive bowel sounds.  No mass.  No organomegaly.,Genitourinary:  Tanner I female genitalia.  Femoral pulses equal bilaterally.  No rash.,Extremities:  Full range of motion.  No cyanosis, clubbing or edema.  Negative Ortolani and Barlow maneuver.,Back:  Straight.  No scoliosis.,Integument:  Warm, dry and pink without lesions.,Neurological:  Alert.  Good muscle tone and strength.  Cranial nerves II through XII are grossly intact.,ASSESSMENT AND PLAN:,1.  Well 1-year-old white female.,2.  Anticipatory guidance.  Reviewed growth, diet development and safety issues as well as immunizations.  Will receive Pediarix and HIB today.  Discussed risks and benefits as well as possible side effects and symptomatic treatment.  Will also obtain a screening CBC and lead level today via fingerstick and call the family with results as they become available.  Gave 1-year well child checkup handout to Mom and Dad.,3.  Follow up for the 15-month well child check or as needed for acute care.
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DESCRIPTION: 1-year well child check.

1-year well child check.

pediatrics - neonatal, well child check, denver ii, child check, checkup, check, child,

The situation described is a standard 1-year well-child check in a pediatric setting. The assessment shows the child is developing normally with no immediate health concerns, and anticipatory guidance is given. While the child's health is always important, there are no acute or severe issues presented, such as a life-threatening condition or urgent medical need. Therefore, this scenario is routine and low-stakes in nature.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Well-Child Check - 2

SUBJECTIVE:,  This 9-month-old Hispanic male comes in today for a 9-month well-child check.  They are visiting from Texas until the end of April 2004.  Mom says he has been doing well since last seen.  He is up-to-date on his immunizations per her report.  She notes that he has developed some bumps on his chest that have been there for about a week.  Two weeks ago he was diagnosed with left otitis media and was treated with antibiotics.  Mom says he has been doing fine since then.  She has no concerns about him.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:,  Significant for term vaginal delivery without complications.,MEDICATIONS: , None.,ALLERGIES:,  None.,SOCIAL HISTORY:,  Lives with parents.  There is no smoking in the household.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:,  Developmentally is appropriate.  No fevers.  No other rashes.  No cough or congestion.  No vomiting or diarrhea.  Eating normally.,OBJECTIVE:,  His weight is 16 pounds 9 ounces.  Height is 26-1/4 inches.  Head circumference is 44.75 cm.  Pulse is 124.  Respirations are 26.  Temperature is 98.1 degrees.  Generally, this is a well-developed, well-nourished, 9-month-old male, who is active, alert, and playful in no acute distress.,HEENT:  Normocephalic, atraumatic.  Anterior fontanel is soft and flat.  Tympanic membranes are clear bilaterally.  Conjunctivae are clear.  Pupils equal, round and reactive to light.  Nares without turbinate edema.  Oropharynx is nonerythematous.,NECK:  Supple, without lymphadenopathy, thyromegaly, carotid bruit, or JVD.,CHEST:  Clear to auscultation bilaterally.,CARDIOVASCULAR:  Regular rate and rhythm, without murmur.,ABDOMEN:  Soft, nontender, nondistended, normoactive bowel sounds.  No masses or organomegaly to palpation.,GU:  Normal male external genitalia.  Uncircumcised penis.  Bilaterally descended testes.  Femoral pulses 2/4.,EXTREMITIES:  Moves all four extremities equally.  Minimal tibial torsion.,SKIN:  Without abnormalities other than five small molluscum contagiosum with umbilical herniation noted on chest.,ASSESSMENT/PLAN:,1.  Well-child check.  Is doing well.  Will recommend a followup well-child check at 1 year of age and immunizations at that time.  Discussed safety issues, including poisons, choking hazards, pet safety, appropriate nutrition with Mom.  She is given a parenting guide handout.,2.  Molluscum contagiosum.  Described the viral etiology of these.  Told her they are self limited, and we will continue to monitor at this time.,3.  Left otitis media, resolved.  Continue to monitor.  We will plan on following up in three months if they are still in the area, or p.r.n.
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DESCRIPTION: A 9-month well-child check.

A 9-month well-child check.

pediatrics - neonatal, well-child check, otitis media, molluscum contagiosum, immunizations, developed, atraumatic, child,

The situation involves a routine 9-month well-child check for a pediatric patient, which generally has low stakes, as it mostly involves monitoring development and preventive care. Although there are minor health issues mentioned, such as molluscum contagiosum and resolved otitis media, these are common, non-urgent issues. The child's health appears stable and there are no immediate medical concerns or treatments required. Thus, the stakes are low in terms of urgency and potential negative outcomes if unaddressed.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Tympanostomy & Myringotomy Tube Placement

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1.  Chronic otitis media with effusion.,2.  Conductive hearing loss.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1.  Chronic otitis media with effusion.,2.  Conductive hearing loss.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Bilateral tympanostomy with myringotomy tube placement _______ split tube 1.0 mm.,ANESTHESIA:  ,Total IV general mask airway.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:  ,None.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,INDICATIONS FOR PROCEDURE:,  The patient is a 1-year-old male with a history of chronic otitis media with effusion and conductive hearing loss refractory to outpatient medical therapy.  After risks, complications, consequences, and questions were addressed with the family, a written consent was obtained for the procedure.,PROCEDURE:,  The patient was brought to the operative suite by Anesthesia.  The patient was placed on the operating table in supine position.  After this, the patient was then placed under general mask airway and the patient's head was then turned to the left.,The Zeiss operative microscope and medium-sized ear speculum were placed and the cerumen from the external auditory canals were removed with a cerumen loop to #5 suction.  After this, the tympanic membrane is then brought into direct visualization with no signs of any gross retracted pockets or cholesteatoma.  A myringotomy incision was then made within the posterior inferior quadrant and the middle ear was then suctioned with a #5 suction demonstrating dry contents.  A _____ split tube 1.0 mm was then placed in the myringotomy incision utilizing a alligator forcep.  Cortisporin Otic drops were placed followed by cotton balls.  Attention was then drawn to the left ear with the head turned to the right and the medium sized ear speculum placed.  The external auditory canal was removed off of its cerumen with a #5 suction which led to the direct visualization of the tympanic membrane.  The tympanic membrane appeared with no signs of retraction pockets, cholesteatoma or air fluid levels.  A myringotomy incision was then made within the posterior inferior quadrant with a myringotomy blade after which a _________ split tube 1.0 mm was then placed with an alligator forcep.  After this, the patient had Cortisporin Otic drops followed by cotton balls placed.  The patient was then turned back to Anesthesia and transferred to recovery room in stable condition and tolerated the procedure very well.  The patient will be followed up approximately in one week and was sent home with a prescription for Ciloxan ear drops to be used as directed and with instructions not to get any water in the ears.
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DESCRIPTION: Bilateral tympanostomy with myringotomy tube placement.    The patient is a 1-year-old male with a history of chronic otitis media with effusion and conductive hearing loss refractory to outpatient medical therapy.

pediatrics - neonatal, chronic otitis media with effusion, conductive hearing loss, bilateral tympanostomy, myringotomy tube placement, cortisporin otic drops, otitis media, tympanostomy, tympanic, membrane, otitis, media, effusion, conductive, hearing, ear, tube, myringotomy

The situation involves a surgical procedure on a 1-year-old patient, which inherently carries some risk due to the patient's age and the need for general anesthesia. However, this type of procedure, tympanostomy with myringotomy tube placement, is common and typically low-risk with a high success rate, especially considering there were no complications and minimal blood loss. The stakes remain moderate because any surgical procedure on an infant requires careful execution. The procedure is important to address the child's conductive hearing loss and chronic otitis media with effusion, conditions that affect quality of life but are not life-threatening.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Thyroid Mass Consult

REASON FOR CONSULTATION: , Thyroid mass diagnosed as papillary carcinoma.,HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:  ,The patient is a 16-year-old young lady, who was referred from the Pediatric Endocrinology Department by Dr. X for evaluation and surgical recommendations regarding treatment of a mass in her thyroid, which has now been proven to be papillary carcinoma on fine needle aspiration biopsy.  The patient's parents relayed that they first noted a relatively small but noticeable mass in the middle portion of her thyroid gland about 2004.  An ultrasound examination had reportedly been done in the past and the mass is being observed.  When it began to enlarge recently, she was referred to the Pediatric Endocrinology Department and had an evaluation there.  The patient was referred for fine needle aspiration and the reports recently returned a diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.  The patient has not had any hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, or any symptoms of endocrine dysfunction.  She has no weight changes consistent with either hyper or hypothyroidism.  There is no family history of thyroid cancer in her family.  She has no notable discomfort with this lesion.  There have been no skin changes.  Historically, she does not have a history of any prior head and neck radiation or treatment of any unusual endocrinopathy.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:,  Essentially unremarkable.  The patient has never been hospitalized in the past for any major illnesses.  She has had no prior surgical procedures.,IMMUNIZATIONS: , Current and up to date.,ALLERGIES: , She has no known drug allergies.,CURRENT MEDICATIONS:  ,Currently taking no routine medications.  She describes her pain level currently as zero.,FAMILY HISTORY: , There is no significant family history, although the patient's father does note that his mother had a thyroid surgery at some point in life, but it was not known whether this was for cancer, but he suspects it might have been for goiter.  This was done in Tijuana.  His mom is from central portion of Mexico.  There is no family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes.,SOCIAL HISTORY:  ,The patient is a junior at Hoover High School.  She lives with her mom in Fresno.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: , A careful 12-system review was completely normal except for the problems related to the thyroid mass.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:,GENERAL:  The patient is a 55.7 kg, nondysmorphic, quiet, and perhaps slightly apprehensive young lady, who was in no acute distress.  She was alert and oriented x3 and had an appropriate affect.,HEENT:  The head and neck examination is most significant.  There is mild amount of facial acne.  The patient's head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat appeared to be grossly normal.,NECK:  There is a slightly visible midline bulge in the region of the thyroid isthmus.  A firm nodule is present there, and there is also some nodularity in the right lobe of the thyroid.  This mass is relatively hard, slightly fixed, but not tethered to surrounding tissues, skin, or muscles that I can determine.  There are some shotty adenopathy in the area.  No supraclavicular nodes were noted.,CHEST:  Excursions are symmetric with good air entry.,LUNGS:  Clear.,CARDIOVASCULAR:  Normal.  There is no tachycardia or murmur noted.,ABDOMEN:  Benign.,EXTREMITIES:  Extremities are anatomically correct with full range of motion.,GENITOURINARY:  External genitourinary exam was deferred at this time and can be performed later during anesthesia.  This is same as too for her rectal examination.,SKIN:  There is no acute rash, purpura, or petechiae.,NEUROLOGIC:  Normal and no focal deficits.  Her voice is strong and clear.  There is no evidence of dysphonia or vocal cord malfunction.,DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES: , I reviewed laboratory data from the Diagnostics Lab, which included a mild abnormality in the AST at 11, which is slightly lower than the normal range.  T4 and TSH levels were recorded as normal.  Free thyroxine was normal, and the serum pregnancy test was negative.  There was no level of thyroglobulin recorded on this.  A urinalysis and comprehensive metabolic panel was unremarkable.  A chest x-ray was obtained, which I personally reviewed.  There is a diffuse pattern of tiny nodules in both lungs typical of miliary metastatic disease that is often seen in patients with metastatic thyroid carcinoma.,IMPRESSION/PLAN: , The patient is a 16-year-old young lady with a history of thyroid mass that is now biopsy proven as papillary.  The pattern of miliary metastatic lesions in the chest is consistent with this diagnosis and is unfortunate in that it generally means a more advanced stage of disease.  I spent approximately 30 minutes with the patient and her family today discussing the surgical aspects of the treatment of this disease.  During this time, we talked about performing a total thyroidectomy to eradicate as much of the native thyroid tissue and remove the primary source of the cancer in anticipation of radioactive iodine therapy.  We talked about sentinel node dissection, and we spent significant amount of time talking about the possibility of hypoparathyroidism if all four of the parathyroid glands were damaged during this operation.  We also discussed the recurrent laryngeal and external laryngeal branches of the nerve supplying the vocal cord function and how they cane be damaged during the thyroidectomy as well.  I answered as many of the family's questions as they could mount during this stressful time with this recent information supplied to them.  I also did talk to them about the chest x-ray pattern, which was complete __________ as the film was just on the day prior to my clinic visit.  This will have some impact on the postoperative adjunctive therapy.  The radiologist commented about the risk of pulmonary fibrosis and the use of radioactive iodine in this situation, but it seems likely that is going to be necessary to attempt to treat this disease in the patient's case.  I did discuss with them the possibility of having to take large doses of calcium and vitamin D in the event of hypoparathyroidism if that does happen, and we also talked about possibly sparing parathyroid tissue and reimplanting it in a muscle belly either in the neck or forearm if that becomes a necessity.  All of the family's questions have been answered.  This is a very anxious and anxiety provoking time in the family.  I have made every effort to get the patient under schedule within the next 48 hours to have this operation done.  We are tentatively planning on proceeding this upcoming Friday afternoon with total thyroidectomy.
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DESCRIPTION: Thyroid mass diagnosed as papillary carcinoma.  The patient is a 16-year-old young lady with a history of thyroid mass that is now biopsy proven as papillary.  The pattern of miliary metastatic lesions in the chest is consistent with this diagnosis.

The scenario involves a 16-year-old patient diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma with evidence of metastatic lesions in the lungs. This condition is life-threatening and requires urgent surgical intervention in the form of a total thyroidectomy. The potential complications from surgery, such as damage to parathyroid glands and nerves affecting vocal cord function, add to the stakes. Such a diagnosis is highly significant, especially given the young age of the patient and the presence of metastatic disease, which complicates treatment and prognosis.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Well-Child Check - 3

SUBJECTIVE:,  Patient presents with Mom for first visit to the office for two week well-child check.  Mom has no concerns stating that patient has been doing well overall since dismissal from the hospital.  Nursing every two to three hours with normal voiding and stooling pattern.  She does have a little bit of some gas and Mom has been using Mylicon drops which are helpful.  She is burping well, hiccuping, sneezing and burping appropriately.  Growth and development:  Denver II normal passing all developmental milestones per age in areas of fine motor, gross motor, personal and social interaction and speech and language development.  See Denver II form in the chart.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:,  Mom reports uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery with prenatal care provided by Dr. Hoing.  Delivery at Newton Medical Center at 39 weeks, 5 days gestation.  Birth weight was 3160 g.  Length 49.5 cm.  Head circumference 33 cm.  Infant was delivered to 22-year-old A-positive mom who is G1 P0, now P1.  Infant did well after delivery and was dismissed to home with Mom the following day.  No other hospitalizations.  No surgeries.,ALLERGIES: , None.,MEDICATIONS:,  Gas drops p.r.n.,FAMILY HISTORY: , Significant for cardiovascular problems and hypertension as well as diabetes mellitus on the maternal side of the family.  History of cancer and asthma on the paternal side of the family.  Mom unsure of what type of cancer.,SOCIAL HISTORY:,  Patient lives at home with 22-year-old mother Aubrey Mizel and her parents Bud and Sue Mizel in Newton, Kansas.  Father of the baby, Shivanka Silva age 30, is a full-time student at WSU in Wichita, Kansas and does help with care of the newborn.  There is no smoking in the home.  Family does have one pet dog in home.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:,  As per HPI; otherwise negative.,OBJECTIVE:,Vital Signs:  Weight 7 pounds, 1-1/5 ounces.  Height 21 inches.  Head circumference 35.8 cm.  Temperature 97.7.,General:  Well-developed, well-nourished, cooperative, alert and interactive 2-week-old female in no acute distress.,HEENT:  Atraumatic, normocephalic.  Anterior fontanel soft and flat.  Pupils equal, round and reactive.  Sclerae clear.  Red reflex present bilaterally.  TMs clear bilaterally.  Oropharynx:  Mucous membranes moist and pink.,Neck:  Supple, no lymphadenopathy.,Chest:  Clear to auscultation bilaterally.  No wheeze or crackles.  Good air exchange.,Cardiovascular:  Regular rate and rhythm.  No murmur.  Good pulses bilaterally.,Abdomen:  Soft, nontender.  Nondistended.  Positive bowel sounds.  No masses or organomegaly.  Healing umbilicus.,GU:  Tanner I female genitalia.  Femoral pulses equal bilaterally.  No rash.,Extremities:  Full range of motion.  No cyanosis, clubbing or edema.  Negative Ortolani and Barlow maneuver.,Back:  Straight.  No scoliosis.  Some increased pigment over the sacrum.,Integument:  Warm, dry and pink without lesions.,Neurological:  Alert.  Good muscle tone and strength.,ASSESSMENT/PLAN:,1. Well 2-week-old mixed race Caucasian and Middle Eastern descent female.,2. Anticipatory guidance for growth and diet development and safety issues as well as immunizations and visitation schedule.  Gave two week well-child check handout to Mom.  Plan follow up for the one month well-child check or as needed for acute care.  Mom will call for feeding problems, breathing problems or fever.  Otherwise, plan to see at one month.
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DESCRIPTION: A two week well-child check.

A two week well-child check.

The situation involves a routine well-child check for a 2-week-old infant, where the mother has no major concerns, and the infant is presenting as healthy and meeting all developmental milestones. The assessment indicates that the pediatrician considers the infant to be well and provides standard anticipatory guidance. In pediatrics, especially in neonatal care, missing or misjudging signs of potential health issues can have severe implications, but in this case, the issues mentioned are minor (like mild gas). Given that the child is stable and presenting no serious health warnings, the situation does not seem to be high-stakes.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Supraventricular Tachycardia - Consult

HISTORY: , The patient is a 4-month-old who presented today with supraventricular tachycardia and persistent cyanosis.  The patient is a product of a term pregnancy that was uncomplicated and no perinatal issues are raised.  Parents; however, did note the patient to be quite dusky since the time of her birth; however, were reassured by the pediatrician that this was normal.  The patient demonstrates good interval weight gain and only today presented to an outside hospital with significant duskiness, some irritability, and rapid heart rate.  Parents do state that she does appear to breathe rapidly, tires somewhat with the feeding with increased respiratory effort and diaphoresis.  The patient is exclusively breast fed and feeding approximately 2 hours.  Upon arrival at Children's Hospital, the patient was found to be in a narrow complex tachycardia with the rate in excess of 258 beats per minute with a successful cardioversion to sinus rhythm with adenosine.  The electrocardiogram following the cardioversion had demonstrated normal sinus rhythm with a right atrial enlargement, northwest axis, and poor R-wave progression, possible right ventricular hypertrophy.,FAMILY HISTORY:,  Family history is remarkable for an older sibling found to have a small ventricular septal defect that is spontaneously closed.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: , A complete review of systems including neurologic, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary are otherwise negative.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:,GENERAL:  Physical examination that showed a sedated, acyanotic infant who is in no acute distress.,VITAL SIGNS:  Heart rate of 170, respiratory rate of 65, saturation, it is nasal cannula oxygen of 74% with a prostaglandin infusion at 0.5 mcg/kg/minute.,HEENT:  Normocephalic with no bruit detected.  She had symmetric shallow breath sounds clear to auscultation.  She had full symmetrical pulses.,HEART:  There is normoactive precordium without a thrill.  There is normal S1, single loud S2, and a 2/6 continuous shunt type of murmur could be appreciated at the left upper sternal border.,ABDOMEN:  Soft.  Liver edge is palpated at 3 cm below the costal margin and no masses or bruits detected.,X-RAYS:,  Review of the chest x-ray demonstrated a normal situs, normal heart size, and adequate pulmonary vascular markings.  There is a prominent thymus.  An echocardiogram demonstrated significant cyanotic congenital heart disease consisting of normal situs, a left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium, a criss-cross heart with atrioventricular discordance of the right atrium draining through the mitral valve into the left-sided morphologic left ventricle.  The left atrium drained through the tricuspid valve into a right-sided morphologic right ventricle.  There is a large inlet ventricular septal defect as pulmonary atresia.  The aorta was malopposed arising from the right ventricle in the anterior position with the left aortic arch.  There was a small vertical ductus as a sole source of pulmonary artery blood flow.  The central pulmonary arteries appeared confluent although small measuring 3 mm in the diameter.  Biventricular function is well maintained.,FINAL IMPRESSION: , The patient has significant cyanotic congenital heart disease physiologically with a single ventricle physiology and ductal-dependent pulmonary blood flow and the incidental supraventricular tachycardia now in the sinus rhythm with adequate ventricular function.  The saturations are now also adequate on prostaglandin E1.,RECOMMENDATION: , My recommendation is that the patient be continued on prostaglandin E1.  The patient's case was presented to the cardiothoracic surgical consultant, Dr. X.  The patient will require further echocardiographic study in the morning to further delineate the pulmonary artery anatomy and confirm the central confluence.  A consideration will be made for diagnostic cardiac catheterization to fully delineate the pulmonary artery anatomy prior to surgical intervention.  The patient will require some form of systemic to pulmonary shunt, modified pelvic shunt or central shunt as a durable source of pulmonary blood flow.  Further surgical repair was continued on the size and location of the ventricular septal defect over the course of the time for consideration of possible Rastelli procedure.  The current recommendation is for proceeding with a central shunt and followed then by bilateral bidirectional Glenn shunt with then consideration for a septation when the patient is 1 to 2 years of age.  These findings and recommendations were reviewed with the parents via a Spanish interpreter.
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DESCRIPTION: The patient is a 4-month-old who presented with supraventricular tachycardia and persistent cyanosis.

pediatrics - neonatal, congenital heart disease, cyanotic, ductal-dependent, pulmonary blood flow, ventricular septal defect, blood flow, supraventricular tachycardia, tachycardia, ventricular, supraventricular, shunt, heart, pulmonary,

The situation involves a 4-month-old infant with complex cyanotic congenital heart disease and supraventricular tachycardia. Given the serious nature of the condition, including the requirement for surgical intervention and careful management (e.g., maintaining systemic oxygenation and heart rhythm), this case is high-stakes. The need for potential cardiac surgery and careful monitoring of a vulnerable neonatal patient increases the urgency and importance of accurate diagnosis and management. Any misjudgment can have severe consequences for the patient's health and survival, indicating high stakes.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Sports Physical - 3

SUBJECTIVE:,  This is a 12-year-old male who comes in for healthy checkups and sports physical.  No major concerns today.  He is little bit congested at times.  He has been told he is allergic to grasses.  They have done over-the-counter Claritin and that seems to help but he is always sniffling mother reports.  He has also got some dryness on his face as far as the skin and was wondering what cream he could put on.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:,  Otherwise, reviewed.  Very healthy.,CURRENT MEDICATIONS:,  Claritin p.r.n.,ALLERGIES TO MEDICINES:,  None.,FAMILY SOCIAL HISTORY:,  Everyone else is healthy at home currently.,DIETARY:,  He is on whole milk and does a variety of foods.  Growth chart is reviewed with mother.  Voids and stools well.,DEVELOPMENTAL:,  He is in seventh grade and going out for cross-country and track.  He is supposed to be wearing glasses, is not today.  We did not test his vision because he recently saw the eye doctor though we did discuss the need for him to wear glasses with mother.  His hearing was normal today and no concerns with speech.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:,General:  A well-developed, well-nourished male in no acute distress.,Dermatologic:  Without rash or lesion.,HEENT:  Head normocephalic and atraumatic.  Eyes:  Pupils equal, round and reactive to light.  Extraocular movements intact.  Red reflexes are present bilaterally.  Optic discs are sharp with normal vasculature.  Ears:  Tympanic membranes are gray, translucent with normal light reflex.  Nares are very congested.  Turbinates swollen and boggy.,Neck:  Supple without masses.,Chest:  Clear to auscultation and percussion, easy respirations.  No accessory muscle use.,Cardiovascular:  Regular rate and rhythm without murmurs, rubs, heaves or gallops.,Back:  Symmetric with no scoliosis or kyphosis noted.  Normal flexibility.  Femoral pulses 2+ and symmetric.,Abdomen:  Soft, nontender, nondistended without hepatosplenomegaly.,GU Exam:  Normal Tanner III male.  Testes descended bilaterally.  No abnormal rash, discharge, or scars.,Extremities:  Pink and warm.  Moves all extremities well with normal function and strength in the arms and legs.  Normal balance, station, and gait.  Normal speech.,Neurologic:  Nonfocal with normal speech, station, gait, and balance.,ASSESSMENT:,  Healthy Tanner III male, developing normally.,PLAN:,1.  Diet, growth, safety, drugs, violence, and social competence all discussed.,2.  Immunizations reviewed.,3.  We will place him on Clarinex 5 mg once daily, some Rhinocort-AQ nasal spray one spray each nostril once daily and otherwise discussed the importance of him wearing glasses.,4.  Return to clinic p.r.n. and at two to three years for a physical, otherwise return p.r.n.
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DESCRIPTION: Healthy checkups and sports physical - 12 years old - Healthy Tanner III male, developing normally.

This medical case involves a routine checkup for a 12-year-old who exhibits general good health. The main concern is mild allergies managed with over-the-counter medications, and the importance of wearing glasses was discussed. There are no immediate health threats or severe medical conditions mentioned. This suggests a low-stakes situation as the primary objective is a normal evaluation with some follow-up recommendations.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Single Frontal View - Chest - Pediatric

EXAM:,  Single frontal view of the chest.,HISTORY:,  Respiratory distress.  The patient has a history of malrotation.  The patient is back for a re-anastomosis of the bowel with no acute distress.,TECHNIQUE:,  Single frontal view of the chest was evaluated and correlated with the prior film dated MM/DD/YY.,FINDINGS:,  A single frontal view of the chest was evaluated.  It reveals interval placement of an ET tube and an NG tube.  ET tube is midway between the patient's thoracic inlet and carina.  NG tube courses with the distal tip in the left upper quadrant beneath the left hemidiaphragm.  There is no evidence of any focal areas of consolidation, pneumothoraces, or pleural effusions.  The mediastinum seen was slightly prominent; however, this may be secondary to thymus and/or technique.  There is a slight increase seen with regards to the central pulmonary vessels.  Again, this may represent a minimal amount of pulmonary vascular congestion.  There is paucity of bowel gas seen in the upper abdomen.  The osseous thorax appears to be grossly intact and symmetrical.  Slightly low lung volumes, however, this may be secondary to the film being taken on the expiratory phase of respiration.,IMPRESSION:,1.  No evidence of any focal areas of consolidation, pneumothoraces, or pleural effusions.,2.  Slight prominence to the mediastinum which may be secondary to thymus and/or technique.,3.  Slight prominence of some of the central pulmonary vasculature which may represent a minimal amount of vascular congestion.
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DESCRIPTION: Single frontal view of the chest. Respiratory distress.  The patient has a history of malrotation.

pediatrics - neonatal, malrotation, consolidation, pneumothoraces, single frontal view, respiratory distress, vascular congestion, frontal view, effusions, mediastinum, vascular, congestion, respiratory, anastomosis, pulmonary, single, frontal, chest

The situation involves an assessment of a neonatal patient with respiratory distress and a history of malrotation. While the radiographic findings do not reveal immediate life-threatening issues like consolidation, pneumothorax, or pleural effusions, the presence of respiratory distress in a neonatal patient is inherently serious. The information provided needs careful analysis to monitor and prevent potential complications, especially considering the patient's ongoing treatment. The health of a neonatal patient is generally delicate, and the stakes are heightened due to the vulnerability and importance of accurate diagnosis and intervention.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Spinal fluid evaluation

HISTORY:  ,This 15-day-old female presents to Children's Hospital and transferred from Hospital Emergency Department for further evaluation.  Information is obtained in discussion with the mother and the grandmother in review of previous medical records.  This patient had the onset on the day of presentation of a jelly-like red-brown stool started on Tuesday morning.  Then, the patient was noted to vomit after feeds.  The patient was evaluated at Hospital with further evaluation with laboratory data showing a white blood cell count elevated at 22.2; hemoglobin 14.1; sodium 138; potassium 7.2, possibly hemolyzed; chloride 107; CO2 23; BUN 17; creatinine 1.2; and glucose of 50, which was repeated and found to be stable in that range.  The patient underwent a barium enema, which was read by the radiologist as negative.  The patient was transferred to Children's Hospital for further evaluation after being given doses of ampicillin, cefotaxime, and Rocephin.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: , Further, the patient was born in Hospital.  Birth weight was 6 pounds 4 ounces.  There was maternal hypertension.  Mother denies group B strep or herpes.  Otherwise, no past medical history.,IMMUNIZATIONS: , None today.,MEDICATIONS: , Thrush medicine identified as nystatin.,ALLERGIES: , Denied.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , Denied.,SOCIAL HISTORY:  ,Here with mother and grandmother, lives at home.  There is no smoking at home.,FAMILY HISTORY: , None noted exposures.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:  ,The patient is fed Enfamil, bottle-fed.  Has had decreased feeding, has had vomiting, has had diarrhea, otherwise negative on the 10 plus systems reviewed.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:,VITAL SIGNS/GENERAL:  On physical examination, the initial temperature 97.5, pulse 140, respirations 48 on this 2 kg 15-day-old female who is small, well-developed female, age appropriate.,HEENT: Head is atraumatic and normocephalic with a soft and flat anterior fontanelle.  Pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light.  Grossly conjugate.  Bilateral red reflex appreciated bilaterally.  Clear TMs, nose, and oropharynx.  There is a kind of abundant thrush and white patches on the tongue.,NECK:  Supple, full, painless, and nontender range of motion.,CHEST:  Clear to auscultation, equal, and stable.,HEART:  Regular without rubs or murmurs, and femoral pulses are appreciated bilaterally.,ABDOMEN:  Soft and nontender.  No hepatosplenomegaly or masses.,GENITALIA:  Female genitalia is present on a visual examination.,SKIN:  No significant bruising, lesions, or rash.,EXTREMITIES:  Moves all extremities, and nontender.  No deformity.,NEUROLOGICALLY:  Eyes open, moves all extremities, grossly age appropriate.,MEDICAL DECISION MAKING: , The differential entertained on this patient includes upper respiratory infection, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infection, dehydration, acidosis, and viral syndrome.  The patient is evaluated in the emergency department laboratory data, which shows a white blood cell count of 13.1, hemoglobin 14.0, platelets 267,000, 7 stabs, 68 segs, 15 lymphs, and 9 monos.  Serum electrolytes not normal.  Sodium 138, potassium 5.0, chloride 107, CO2 acidotic at 18, glucose normal at 88, and BUN markedly elevated at 22 as is the creatinine of 1.4.  AST and ALT were elevated as well at 412 and 180 respectively.  A cath urinalysis showing no signs of infection.  Spinal fluid evaluation, please see procedure note below.  White count 0, red count 2060.  Gram stain negative.,PROCEDURE NOTE: , After discussion of the risks, benefits, and indications, and obtaining informed consent with the family and their agreement to proceed, this patient was placed in the left lateral position and using aseptic Betadine preparation, sterile draping, and sterile technique pursued throughout, this patient's L4- L5 interspace was anesthetized with the 1% lidocaine solution following the above sterile preparation, entered with a 22-gauge styletted spinal needle of approximately 0.5 mL clear CSF, they were very slow to obtain.  The fluid was obtained, the needle was removed, and sterile bandage was placed.  The fluid was sent to laboratory for further evaluation (aunt and grandmother) were present throughout the period of time during this procedure and the procedure was tolerated well.  An i-STAT initially obtained showed somewhat of an acidosis with a base excess of -12.  A repeat i-STAT after a bolus of normal saline and a second bolus of normal saline, her maintenance rate of D5 half showed a base excess of -11, which is slowly improving, but not very fast.  Based on the above having this patient consulted to the Hospitalist Service at 2326 hours of request, this patient was consulted to PICU with the plan that the patient need to have continued IV fluids.  Showing signs of dehydration, a third bolus of normal saline was provided, twice maintenance D5 half was continued.  The patient was admitted to the Hospitalist Service for continued IV fluids.  The patient maintains to have clear lungs, has been feeding well here in the department, took virtually a whole small bottle of the appropriate formula.  She has not had any vomiting, is burping.  The patient is admitted for continued close observation and rehydration due to the working diagnoses of gastroenteritis, metabolic acidosis, and dehydration.  Critical care time on this patient is less than 30 minutes, exclusive, otherwise time has been spent evaluating this patient according to this patient's care and admission to the Hospitalist Service.
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DESCRIPTION: Consult and Spinal fluid evaluation in a 15-day-old

The situation involves a 15-day-old neonate with multiple concerning symptoms including red-brown stool, elevated white blood cell count, low glucose, acidosis, and elevated liver enzymes. The infant is undergoing a spinal fluid evaluation, likely to rule out serious conditions such as meningitis, which can be life-threatening in newborns. The patient was admitted to the hospital for close observation and rehydration due to diagnoses including gastroenteritis and metabolic acidosis. This level of medical involvement for a neonate signifies a potentially critical situation, especially given the age and the symptoms observed. The presence of medical professionals and ongoing treatments further underline the urgency and seriousness of the condition.


You are an LLM as part of a medical assistant system, interacting with medical practitioners to improve efficiency.

Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Rectal Bleeding - 1-year-old

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:,  This is a 1-year-old male patient who was admitted on 12/23/2007 with a history of rectal bleeding.  He was doing well until about 2 days prior to admission and when he passes hard stools, there was bright red blood in the stool.  He had one more episode that day of stool; the stool was hard with blood in it.  Then, he had one episode of rectal bleeding yesterday and again one stool today, which was soft and consistent with dark red blood in it.  No history of fever, no diarrhea, no history of easy bruising.  Excessive bleeding from minor cut.  He has been slightly fussy.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:  ,Nothing significant.,PREGNANCY DELIVERY AND NURSERY COURSE: , He was born full term without complications.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , None.,SIGNIFICANT ILLNESS AND REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: , Negative for heart disease, lung disease, history of cancer, blood pressure problems, or bleeding problems.,DIET:,  Regular table food, 24 ounces of regular milk.  He is n.p.o. now.,TRAVEL HISTORY: , Negative.,IMMUNIZATION: , Up-to-date.,ALLERGIES: , None.,MEDICATIONS: , None, but he is on IV Zantac now.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , He lives with parents and siblings.,FAMILY HISTORY:,  Nothing significant.,LABORATORY EVALUATION: , On 12/24/2007, WBC 8.4, hemoglobin 7.6, hematocrit 23.2 and platelets 314,000.  Sodium 135, potassium 4.7, chloride 110, CO2 20, BUN 6 and creatinine 0.3.  Albumin 3.3.  AST 56 and ALT 26.  CRP less than 0.3.  Stool rate is still negative.,DIAGNOSTIC DATA: , CT scan of the abdomen was read as normal.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:  ,VITAL SIGNS:  Temperature 99.5 degrees Fahrenheit, pulse 142 per minute and respirations 28 per minute.  Weight 9.6 kilogram.,GENERAL:  He is alert and active child in no apparent distress.,HEENT:  Atraumatic and normocephalic.  Pupils are equal, round and reactive to light.  Extraocular movements, conjunctivae and sclerae fair.  Nasal mucosa pink and moist.  Pharynx is clear.,NECK:  Supple without thyromegaly or masses.,LUNGS:  Good air entry bilaterally.  No rales or wheezing.,ABDOMEN:  Soft and nondistended.  Bowel sounds positive.  No mass palpable.,GENITALIA:  Normal male.,RECTAL:  Deferred, but there was no perianal lesion.,MUSCULOSKELETAL:  Full range of movement.  No edema.  No cyanosis.,CNS:  Alert, active and playful.,IMPRESSION: , A 1-year-old male patient with history of rectal bleeding.  Possibilities include Meckel's diverticulum, polyp, infection and vascular malformation.,PLAN:,  To proceed with Meckel scan today.  If Meckel scan is negative, we will consider upper endoscopy and colonoscopy.  We will start colon clean out if Meckel scan is negative.  We will send his stool for C. diff toxin, culture, blood for RAST test for cow milk, soy, wheat and egg.  Monitor hemoglobin.
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DESCRIPTION: Pediatric Gastroenterology - Rectal Bleeding Consult.

The situation involves a 1-year-old with rectal bleeding, a symptom that can be associated with various conditions, from relatively benign issues like anal fissures to more serious conditions such as Meckel's diverticulum or polyps. The child's hemoglobin level is low, indicating anemia, which may need further investigation and treatment. The medical team is promptly addressing the issue with diagnostic tests, including a Meckel scan and potential endoscopies if needed. While rectal bleeding in a child is concerning and requires careful evaluation, it does not immediately suggest life-threatening danger. However, timely diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: School Physical - 1

SUBJECTIVE:,  This patient was seen in clinic for a school physical.,NUTRITIONAL HISTORY:,  She eats well, takes meats, vegetables, and fruits, but her calcium intake is limited.  She does not drink a whole lot of pop.  Her stools are normal.  Brushes her teeth, sees a dentist.,Developmental History:  Hearing and vision is okay.  She did well in school last year.  She will be going to move to Texas, will be going to Bowie High School.  She will be involved in cheerleading, track, volleyball, and basketball.  She will be also playing the clarinet and will be a freshman in that school.  Her menarche was 06/30/2004.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:,  She is still on medications for asthma.  She has a problem with her eye lately, this has been bothering her, and she also has had a rash in the left leg.  She had been pulling weeds on 06/25/2004 and then developed a rash on 06/27/2004.,Review of her immunizations, her last tetanus shot was 06/17/2003.,MEDICATIONS:  ,Advair 100/50 b.i.d., Allegra 60 mg b.i.d., Flonase q.d., Xopenex, Intal, and albuterol p.r.n.,ALLERGIES: , No known drug allergies.,OBJECTIVE:,Vital Signs:  Weight:  112 pounds about 40th percentile.  Height:  63-1/4 inches, also the 40th percentile.  Her body mass index was 19.7, 40th percentile.  Temperature:  97.7 tympanic.  Pulse:  80.  Blood pressure:  96/64.,HEENT:  Normocephalic.  Fundi benign.  Pupils equal and reactive to light and accommodation.  No strabismus.  Her vision was 20/20 in both eyes and each with contacts.  Hearing:  She passed that test.  Her TMs are bilaterally clear and nonerythematous.  Throat was clear.  Good mucous membrane moisture and good dentition.,Neck:  Supple.  Thyroid normal sized.  No increased lymphadenopathy in the submandibular nodes and no axillary nodes.,Abdomen:  No hepatosplenomegaly.,Respiratory:  Clear.  No wheezes.  No crackles.  No tachypnea.  No retractions.,Cardiovascular:  Regular rate and rhythm.  S1 and S2 normal.  No murmur.,Abdomen:  Soft.  No organomegaly and no masses.,GU:  Normal female genitalia.  Tanner stage 3, breast development and pubic hair development.  Examination of the breasts was negative for any masses or abnormalities or discharge from her areola.,Extremities:  She has good range of motion of upper and lower extremities.  Deep tendon reflexes were 2+/4+ bilaterally and equal.  Romberg negative.,Back:  No scoliosis.  She had good circumduction at shoulder joint and her duck walk was normal.,SKIN:  She did have some rash on the anterior left thigh region and also some on the right lower leg that had Kebner phenomenon and maculopapular vesicular eruption.  No honey crusting was noted on the skin.  She also had some mild rash on the anterior abdominal area near the panty line similar to that rash.  It was raised and blanch with pressure, it was slightly erythematous.,ASSESSMENT AND PLAN:,1.  Sports physical.,2.  The patient received her first hepatitis A vaccine.  She will get a booster in 6 to 12 months.  Prescription for Atarax 10 mg tablets one to two tablets p.o. q.4-6h. p.r.n. and a prescription for Elocon ointment to be applied topically, except for the face, once a day with a refill.  She will be following up with an allergist as soon as she gets to Texas and needs to find a primary care physician.  We talked about anticipatory guidance including breast exam, which we have reviewed with her today, seatbelt use, and sunscreen.  We talked about avoidance of drugs and alcohol and sexual activity.  Continue on her present medications and if her rash is not improved and goes to the neck or the face, she will need to be on PO steroid medication, but presently that was held and moved to treatment with Atarax and Elocon.  Also talked about cleaning her clothes and bedding in case she has any poison ivy oil that is harboring on any clothing.
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DESCRIPTION: This patient was seen in clinic for a school physical.

pediatrics - neonatal, school physical, calcium intake, hearing and vision, hepatitis a vaccine, booster, anticipatory guidance, developmental, percentile, physical, school, rash,

The situation described is a standard comprehensive school physical for a pediatric patient who is about to move to a new state and enroll in a high school. The conditions and treatments discussed are typical for a pediatric patient and do not indicate any immediate medical emergency or life-threatening situation. The patient has asthma and a rash, which are being managed with prescribed medications. Although there are discussions regarding immunizations and ensuring follow-up in a new location, these are standard, non-critical healthcare practices. Therefore, the stakes, from a medical urgency perspective, are low.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Pediatric - Letter

Sample Address,RE:  Sample Patient,Dear Doctor:,We had the pleasure of seeing Abc and his mother in the clinic today.  As you certainly know, he is now a 9-month-old male product of a twin gestation complicated by some very mild prematurity.  He has been having problems with wheezing, cough and shortness of breath over the last several months.  You and your partners have treated him aggressively with inhaled steroids and bronchodilator.  Despite this, however; he has had persistent problems with a cough and has been more recently started on both a short burst of prednisolone as well as a more prolonged alternating day course.  ,Although there is no smoke exposure there is a significant family history with both Abc's father and uncle having problems with asthma as well as his older sister.  The parents now maintain separate households and there has been a question about the consistency of his medication administration at his father's house.  ,On exam today, Abc had some scattered rhonchi which cleared with coughing but was otherwise healthy.  ,We spent the majority of our 45-minute just reviewing basic principles of asthma management and I believe that Abc's mother is fairly well versed in this.  I think the most important thing to realize is that Abc probably does have fairly severe childhood asthma and fortunately has avoided hospitalization.  ,I think it would be prudent to continue his alternate day steroids until he is completely symptom free on the days off steroids but it would be reasonable to continue to wean him down to as low as 1.5 milligrams (0.5 milliliters on alternate days).  I have encouraged his mother to contact our office so that we can answer questions if necessary by phone.,Thanks so much for allowing us to be involved in his care.  ,Sincerely,
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DESCRIPTION: 9-month-old male product of a twin gestation complicated by some very mild prematurity having problems with wheezing, cough and shortness of breath over the last several months.

pediatrics - neonatal, gestation, bronchodilator, childhood, childhood asthma, cough, father, healthy, letter, mother, pediatric, prematurity, shortness of breath, sister, wheezing, wheezing cough, asthma,

The situation involves a 9-month-old child diagnosed with severe childhood asthma, which could potentially lead to serious health issues. Managing asthma in infants is critical, as it can escalate quickly to require emergency intervention. The potential risk of inconsistent medication administration and the history of asthma in the family elevate the stakes. However, the child is not currently hospitalized and is stable enough to avoid emergency care. This reduces the immediate high-stakes nature to a certain extent, but ongoing management is crucial to prevent future complications.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Otitis Media - Discharge Summary

ADMITTING DIAGNOSES:,1.  Fever.,2.  Otitis media.,3.  Possible sepsis.,HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:  ,The patient is a 10-month-old male who was seen in the office 1 day prior to admission.  He has had a 2-day history of fever that has gone up to as high as 103.6 degrees F. He has also had intermittent cough, nasal congestion, and rhinorrhea and no history of rashes.  He has been taking Tylenol and Advil to help decrease the fevers, but the fever has continued to rise.  He was noted to have some increased workup of breathing and parents returned to the office on the day of admission.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: , Significant for being born at 33 weeks' gestation with a birth weight of 5 pounds and 1 ounce.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: , On exam, he was moderately ill appearing and lethargic.  HEENT:  Atraumatic, normocephalic.  Pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light.  Tympanic membranes were red and yellow, and opaque bilaterally.  Nares were patent.  Oropharynx was slightly moist and pink.  Neck was soft and supple without masses.  Heart is regular rate and rhythm without murmurs.  Lungs showed increased workup of breathing, moderate tachypnea.  No rales, rhonchi or wheezes were noted.  Abdomen:  Soft, nontender, nondistended.  Active bowel sounds.  Neurologic exam showed good muscle strength, normal tone.  Cranial nerves II through XII are grossly intact.,LABORATORY FINDINGS: , He had electrolytes, BUN and creatinine, and glucose all of which were within normal limits.  White blood cell count was 8.6 with 61% neutrophils, 21% lymphocytes, 17% monocytes, suggestive of a viral infection.  Urinalysis was completely unremarkable.  Chest x-ray showed a suboptimal inspiration, but no evidence of an acute process in the chest.,HOSPITAL COURSE: , The patient was admitted to the hospital and allowed a clear liquid diet.  Activity is as tolerates.  CBC with differential, blood culture, electrolytes, BUN, and creatinine, glucose, UA, and urine culture all were ordered.  Chest x-ray was ordered as well with 2 views to evaluate for a possible pneumonia.  Pulse oximetry checks were ordered every shift and as needed with O2 ordered per nasal cannula if O2 saturations were less that 94%.  Gave D5 and quarter of normal saline at 45 mL per hour, which was just slightly above maintenance rate to help with hydration.  He was given ceftriaxone 500 mg IV once daily to treat otitis media and possible sepsis, and I will add Tylenol and ibuprofen as needed for fevers.  Overnight, he did have his oxygen saturations drop and went into oxygen overnight.  His lungs remained clear, but because of the need for O2, we instituted albuterol aerosols every 6 hours to help maintain good lung function.  The nurses were instructed to attempt to wean O2 if possible and advance the diet.  He was doing clear liquids well and so I saline locked to help to accommodate improve the mobility with the patient.  He did well the following evening with no further oxygen requirement.  He continued to spike fevers but last fever was around 13:45 on the previous day.  At the time of exam, he had 100% oxygen saturations on room air with temperature of 99.3 degrees F. with clear lungs.  He was given additional dose of Rocephin when it was felt that it would be appropriate for him to be discharged that morning.,CONDITION OF THE PATIENT AT DISCHARGE: , He was at 100% oxygen saturations on room air with no further dips at night.  He has become afebrile and was having no further increased work of breathing.,DISCHARGE DIAGNOSES:,1.  Bilateral otitis media.,2.  Fever.,PLAN:  ,Recommended discharge.  No restrictions in diet or activity.  He was continued Omnicef 125 mg/5 mL one teaspoon p.o. once daily and instructed to follow up with Dr. X, his primary doctor, on the following Tuesday.  Parents were instructed also to call if new symptoms occurred or he had return if difficulties with breathing or increased lethargy.
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DESCRIPTION: Fever, otitis media, and possible sepsis.

pediatrics - neonatal, sepsis, cough, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, oxygen saturations, otitis media, otitis, breathing, lungs, oropharynx, fever

The situation involves an infant who was admitted for high fever and potential sepsis, which can be life-threatening in young children, especially considering the child's history of prematurity and possible underlying vulnerabilities. The case entailed careful monitoring of vital signs, administration of antibiotics for suspected infections, occasional oxygen therapy, and treatment for respiratory support. While the child’s condition improved over the hospital course, such cases retain a level of gravity due to the risk factors involved in newborns and the need for reliable care to ensure no complications arise upon discharge.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: New Onset Seizure

REASON FOR CONSULTATION: , New-onset seizure.,HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: , The patient is a 2-1/2-year-old female with a history of known febrile seizures, who was placed on Keppra oral solution at 150 mg b.i.d. to help prevent febrile seizures.  Although this has been a very successful treatment in terms of her febrile seizure control, she is now having occasional brief periods of pauses and staring, where she becomes unresponsive, but does not lose her postural tone.  The typical spell according to dad last anywhere from 10 to 15 seconds, mom says 3 to 4 minutes, which likely means probably somewhere in the 30- to 40-second period of time.  Mom did note that an episode had happened outside of a store recently, was associated with some perioral cyanosis, but there has never been a convulsive activity noted.  There have been no recent changes in her Keppra dosing and she is currently only at 20 mg/kg per day, which is overall a low dose for her.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: , Born at 36 weeks' gestation by C-section delivery at 8 pounds 3 ounces.  She does have a history of febrile seizures and what parents reported an abdominal migraine, but on further questioning, it appears to be more of a food intolerance issue.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , She has undergone no surgical procedures.,FAMILY MEDICAL HISTORY: , There is a strong history of epilepsy on the maternal side of family including mom with some nonconvulsive seizure during childhood and additional seizures in maternal great grandmother and a maternal great aunt.  There is no other significant neurological history on the paternal side of the family.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , Currently lives with her mom, dad, and two siblings.  She is at home full time and does not attend day care.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:  ,Clear review of 10 systems are taken and revealed no additional findings other than those mentioned in the history of present illness.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:,Vital Signs:  Weight was 15.6 kg.  She was afebrile.  Remainder of her vital signs were stable and within normal ranges for her age as per the medical record.,General:  She was awake, alert, and oriented.  She was in no acute distress, only slightly flustered when trying to place the EEG leads.,HEENT:  Showed normocephalic and atraumatic head.  Her conjunctivae were nonicteric and sclerae were clear.  Her eye movements were conjugate in nature.  Her tongue and mucous membranes were moist.,Neck:  Trachea appeared to be in the midline.,Chest:  Clear to auscultation bilaterally without crackles, wheezes or rhonchi.,Cardiovascular:  Showed a normal sinus rhythm without murmur.,Abdomen:  Showed soft, nontender, and nondistended, with good bowel sounds.  There was no hepatomegaly or splenomegaly, or other masses noted on examination.,Extremities:  Showed IV placement in the right upper extremity with appropriate restraints from the IV.  There was no evidence of clubbing, cyanosis or edema throughout.  She had no functional deformities in any of her peripheral limbs.,Neurological:  From neurological standpoint, her cranial nerves were grossly intact throughout.  Her strength was good in the bilateral upper and lower extremities without any distal to proximal variation.  Her overall resting tone was normal.  Sensory examination was grossly intact to light touch throughout the upper and lower extremities.  Reflexes were 1+ in bilateral patella.  Toes were downgoing bilaterally.  Coordination showed accurate striking ability and good rapid alternating movements.  Gait examination was deferred at this time due to EEG lead placement.,ASSESSMENT:,  A 2-1/2-year-old female with history of febrile seizures, now with concern for spells of unclear etiology, but somewhat concerning for partial complex seizures and to a slightly lesser extent nonconvulsive generalized seizures.,RECOMMENDATIONS,1.  For now, we will go ahead and try to capture EEG as long as she tolerates it; however, if she would require sedation, I would defer the EEG until further adjustments to seizure medications are made and we will see her response to these medications.,2.  As per the above, I will increase her Keppra to 300 mg p.o. b.i.d. bringing her to a total daily dose of just under 40 mg/kg per day.  If further spells are noted, we may increase upwards again to around 4.5 to 5 mL each day.,3.  I do not feel like any specific imaging needs to be done at this time until we see her response to the medication and review her EEG findings.  EEG, hopefully, will be able to be reviewed first thing tomorrow morning; however, I would not delay discharge the patient to wait on the EEG results.  The patient has been discharged and we will contact the family as an outpatient.,4.  The patient will need followup arrangement with me in 5 to 6 weeks' time, so we may recheck and see how she is doing and arrange for further followup then.
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DESCRIPTION: A 2-1/2-year-old female with history of febrile seizures, now with concern for spells of unclear etiology, but somewhat concerning for partial complex seizures and to a slightly lesser extent nonconvulsive generalized seizures.

The situation involves a young child with a history of febrile seizures who is now experiencing new types of seizure-like activity. While these spells are concerning and require careful monitoring, treatment, and follow-up, the immediate vital signs and state of the child are stable, and no acute distress is noted. The consultation suggests increasing Keppra dose and follow-up, indicating a managed, though not trivial, medical situation. Given the potential for epilepsy and the need for further evaluation, it is a moderate stakes case that requires attention but is not life-threatening at this moment.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Normal Child Exam Template

CHILD PHYSICAL EXAMINATION,VITAL SIGNS:  Birth weight is ** grams, length **, occipitofrontal circumference **.  Character of cry was lusty.,GENERAL APPEARANCE:  Well.,BREATHING:  Unlabored.,SKIN:  Clear.  No cyanosis, pallor, or icterus.  Subcutaneous tissue is ample.,HEAD:  Normal.  Fontanelles are soft and flat.  Sutures are opposed.,EYES:  Normal with red reflex x2.,EARS:  Patent.  Normal pinnae, canals, TMs.,NOSE:  Patent nares.,MOUTH:  No cleft.,THROAT:  Clear.,NECK:  No masses.,CHEST:  Normal clavicles.,LUNGS:  Clear bilaterally.,HEART:  Regular rate and rhythm without murmur.,ABDOMEN:  Soft, flat.  No hepatosplenomegaly.  The cord is three vessel.,GENITALIA:  Normal ** genitalia **with testes descended bilaterally.,ANUS:  Patent.,SPINE:  Straight and without deformity.,EXTREMITIES:  Equal movements.,MUSCLE TONE:  Good.,REFLEXES:  Moro, grasp, and suck are normal.,HIPS:  No click or clunk.
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DESCRIPTION: Normal child physical exam template.

Normal child physical exam template.

pediatrics - neonatal, child physical examination, physical, genitalia, child,

This document is a template for a normal physical examination of a newborn child in the neonatal period. It covers a standard range of checks to ensure the child is healthy, which is a routine procedure in pediatric care. While ensuring a child's health is important, this is a standard and routine examination that poses no immediate high-stakes situation. Issues would be identified and addressed in further steps, making this scenario more preventive and routine than high-stakes.


Medical Specialty: Pediatrics - Neonatal
Sample Name: Multiple Images of Skull (Pediatric)

EXAM:,  Skull, complete, five images,HISTORY:,  Plagiocephaly.,TECHNIQUE: , Multiple images of the skull were evaluated.  There are no priors for comparison.,FINDINGS: , Multiple images of the skull were evaluated and they reveal radiographic visualization of the cranial sutures without evidence of closure.  There is no evidence of any craniosynostosis.  There is no radiographic evidence of plagiocephaly.,IMPRESSION: , No evidence of craniosynostosis or radiographic characteristics for plagiocephaly.
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DESCRIPTION: Skull, complete, five images.

Skull, complete, five images.

pediatrics - neonatal, craniosynostosis, plagiocephaly, complete five images, multiple images, radiographic, images, skull,

The situation involves determining the presence of craniosynostosis or plagiocephaly in a pediatric patient. These conditions can have developmental implications, but the imaging results show no evidence of these conditions. Since the findings are normal and there are no concerning signs, the immediate situation has low stakes. However, considering that it involves a neonatal patient and potential developmental concerns, it slightly elevates the stakes compared to benign findings in adult imaging.