Medical Specialty: Neurology
Sample Name: MRI Head - 1

EXAM:,  MRI head without contrast.,REASON FOR EXAM: , Severe headaches.,INTERPRETATION:,  Imaging was performed in the axial and sagittal planes using numerous pulse sequences at 1 tesla.  Correlation is made with the head CT of 4/18/05.,On the diffusion sequence, there is no significant bright signal to indicate acute infarction.  There is a large degree of increased signal involving the periventricular white matter extending around to the subcortical regions in symmetrical fashion consistent with chronic microvascular ischemic disease.  There is mild chronic ischemic change involving the pons bilaterally, slightly greater on the right, and when correlating with the recent scan, there is an old tiny lacunar infarct of the right brachium pontis measuring roughly 4 mm in size.  There are prominent perivascular spaces of the lenticulostriate distribution compatible with the overall degree of moderate to moderately advanced atrophy.  There is an old moderate-sized infarct of the mid and lateral aspects of the right cerebellar hemisphere as seen on the recent CT scan.  This involves mostly the superior portion of the hemisphere in the superior cerebellar artery distribution.  No abnormal mass effect is identified.  There are no findings to suggest active hydrocephalus.  No abnormal extra-axial collection is identified.  There is normal flow void demonstrated in the major vascular systems.,The sagittal sequence demonstrates no Chiari malformation.  The region of the pituitary/optic chiasm grossly appears normal.  The mastoids and paranasal sinuses are clear.,IMPRESSION:,1.  No definite acute findings identified involving the brain.,2.  There is prominent chronic cerebral ischemic change as described with mild chronic pontine ischemic changes.  There is an old moderate-sized infarct of the superior portion of the right cerebellar hemisphere.,3.  Moderate to moderately advanced atrophy.
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DESCRIPTION: MRI head without contrast.

MRI head without contrast.

neurology, severe headaches, chiari malformation, cerebral ischemic change, mri head without contrast, cerebellar hemisphere, superior portion, mri head, cerebellar, infarction, ischemic

The MRI report for a patient suffering from severe headaches reveals significant findings such as chronic microvascular ischemic disease, an old lacunar infarct, chronic pontine ischemic changes, and moderately advanced atrophy, but no acute findings. This indicates a chronic, non-emergency situation. While the findings are important for the patient's long-term treatment plan, the absence of acute issues such as an infarction or mass effect suggests this is not a high-stakes, immediate medical emergency.


You are an LLM as part of a medical assistant system, interacting with medical practitioners to improve efficiency.

Medical Specialty: Radiology
Sample Name: Ultrasound - Abdomen - 1

EXAM: , Ultrasound Abdomen., ,REASON FOR EXAM: , Elevated liver function tests., ,INTERPRETATION: , The liver demonstrates heterogeneously increased echotexture with significant fatty infiltration.  The gallbladder is surgically absent. There is no fluid collection in the cholecystectomy bed.  There is dilatation of the common bile duct up to 1 cm.  There is also dilatation of the pancreatic duct that measures up to 3 mm.  There is caliectasis in the right kidney.  The bladder is significantly distended measuring 937 cc in volume.  The caliectasis in the right kidney may be secondary to back pressure from the distended bladder.  The aorta is normal in caliber., ,IMPRESSION:,1.  Dilated common duct as well as pancreatic duct as described.  Given the dilatation of these two ducts, ERCP versus MRCP is recommended to exclude obstructing mass.  The findings could reflect changes of cholecystectomy.  ,2.  Significantly distended bladder with probably resultant caliectasis in the right kidney.  Clinical correlation recommended.
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DESCRIPTION: Ultrasound Abdomen - elevated liver function tests.

radiology, aorta, dilated common duct, mrcp, ercp, elevated liver function tests, pancreatic duct, distended bladder, ultrasound abdomen, cholecystectomy, ultrasound, abdomen, liver, dilatation, caliectasis, kidney, bladder, duct

The ultrasound reveals a number of concerning findings, including dilated bile and pancreatic ducts and a significantly distended bladder, suggesting potential obstructions or other serious conditions that could require further investigation and possibly urgent intervention. While these findings may not be immediately life-threatening, they warrant prompt follow-up to prevent possible complications like kidney damage or other organ dysfunction. Thus, the situation holds significant medical importance.

Filled in based on scale_labels and scale_label_confidence


Medical Specialty: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary
Sample Name: Central Line Placement

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:,1. Severe chronic obstructive coronary disease.,2. Respiratory failure.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:,1. Severe chronic obstructive coronary disease.,2. Respiratory failure.,OPERATION:,  Right subclavian triple lumen central line placement.,ANESTHESIA: , Local Xylocaine.,INDICATIONS FOR OPERATION:  ,This 50-year-old gentleman with severe respiratory failure is mechanically ventilated. He is currently requiring multiple intravenous drips, and Dr. X has kindly requested central line placement.,INFORMED CONSENT:  ,The patient was unable to provide his own consent, secondary to mechanical ventilation and sedation. No available family to provide conservator ship was located either.,PROCEDURE:  ,With the patient in his Intensive Care Unit bed, mechanically ventilated in the Trendelenburg position. The right neck was prepped and draped with Betadine in a sterile fashion. Single needle stick aspiration of the right subclavian vein was accomplished without difficulty, and the guide wire was advanced. The dilator was advanced over the wire. The triple lumen catheter was cannulated over the wire, and the wire then removed. No PVCs were encountered during the procedure. All three ports to the catheter aspirated and flushed blood easily, and they were all flushed with normal saline. The catheter was anchored to the chest wall with butterfly phalange using 3-0 silk suture. Betadine ointment and a sterile Op-Site dressing were applied. Stat upright chest x-ray was obtained at the completion of the procedure, and final results are pending.,FINDINGS/SPECIMENS REMOVED:, None,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, Nil.
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DESCRIPTION: Right subclavian triple lumen central line placement

cardiovascular / pulmonary, respiratory failure, central line placement, chronic obstructive coronary disease, normal saline, subclavian, subclavian triple lumen central line placement, subclavian vein, triple lumen, triple lumen central line, lumen central line placement, central line, line placement, respiratory, xylocaine,

This procedure is being performed on a patient with severe respiratory failure who is mechanically ventilated and requires multiple intravenous drips. The context indicates critical care due to the nature of the patient's conditions (severe COPD and respiratory failure) and the hospital setting (ICU). The lack of available consent due to sedation and mechanical ventilation, alongside the context of urgent medical intervention, further elevates the stakes. The procedure itself, while routine for critical care, is high stakes given the patient's fragile condition.


Medical Specialty: Consult - History and Phy.
Sample Name: Congestion & Fever - 2-month-old

CHIEF COMPLAINT:,  A 2-month-old female with 1-week history of congestion and fever x2 days.,HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:,  The patient is a previously healthy 2-month-old female, who has had a cough and congestion for the past week.  The mother has also reported irregular breathing, which she describes as being rapid breathing associated with retractions.  The mother states that the cough is at times paroxysmal and associated with posttussive emesis.  The patient has had short respiratory pauses following the coughing events.  The patient's temperature has ranged between 102 and 104.  She has had a decreased oral intake and decreased wet diapers.  The brother is also sick with URI symptoms, and the patient has had no diarrhea.  The mother reports that she has begun to regurgitate after her feedings.  She did not do this previously.,MEDICATIONS: , None.,SMOKING EXPOSURE: , None.,IMMUNIZATIONS: , None.,DIET:  ,Similac 4 ounces every 2 to 3 hours.,ALLERGIES:,  No known drug allergies.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:  ,The patient delivered at term.  Birth weight was 6 pounds 1 ounce.  Postnatal complications:  Neonatal Jaundice.  The patient remained in the hospital for 3 days.  The in utero ultrasounds were reported to be normal.,PRIOR HOSPITALIZATIONS: , None.,FAMILY/SOCIAL HISTORY: , Family history is positive for asthma and diabetes.  There is also positive family history of renal disease on the father's side of the family.,DEVELOPMENT: , Normal.  The patient tests normal on the newborn hearing screen.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:  GENERAL: , The patient has had fever, there have been no chills.  SKIN:  No rashes.  HEENT:  Mild congestion x1 week.  Cough, at times paroxysmal, no cyanosis.  The patient turns red in the face during coughing episodes, posttussive emesis.  CARDIOVASCULAR:  No cyanosis.  GI:  Posttussive emesis, decreased oral intake.  GU:  Decreased urinary output.  ORTHO:  No current issues.  NEUROLOGIC:  No change in mental status.  ENDOCRINE:  There is no history of weight loss.  DEVELOPMENT:  No loss of developmental milestones.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:  ,VITAL SIGNS:  Weight is 4.8 kg, temperature 100.4, heart rate is 140, respiratory rate 30, and saturations 100%.,GENERAL:  This is a well-appearing infant in no acute distress.,HEENT:  Shows anterior fontanelle to be open and flat.  Pupils are equal and reactive to light with red reflex.  Nares are patent.  Oral mucosa is moist.  Posterior pharynx is clear.  Hard palate is intact.  Normal gingiva.,HEART:  Regular rate and rhythm without murmur.,LUNGS:  A few faint rales.  No retractions.  No stridor.  No wheezing on examination.  Mild tachypnea.,EXTREMITIES:  Warm, good perfusion.  No hip clicks.,NEUROLOGIC:  The patient is alert.  Normal tone throughout.  Deep tendon reflexes are 2+/4.  No clonus.,SKIN:  Normal.,LABORATORY DATA:,  CBC shows a white count of 12.4, hemoglobin 10.1, platelet count 611,000; 38 segs 3 bands, 42 lymphocytes, and 10 monocytes.  Electrolytes were within normal limits.  C-reactive protein 0.3.  Chest x-ray shows no acute disease with the exception of a small density located in the retrocardiac area on the posterior view.  UA shows 10 to 25 bacteria.,ASSESSMENT/PLAN:  ,This is a 2-month-old, who presents with fever, paroxysmal cough and episodes of respiratory distress.  The patient is currently stable in the emergency room.  We will admit the patient to the pediatric floor.  We will send out pertussis PCR.  We will also follow results of urine culture and that the urine dip shows 10 to 25 bacteria.  The patient will be followed up for signs of sepsis, apnea, urinary tract infection, and pneumonia.  We will wait for a radiology reading on the chest x-ray to determine if the density seen on the lateral film is a normal variant or represents pathology.
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DESCRIPTION: A 2-month-old female with 1-week history of congestion and fever x2 days.

The situation involves a 2-month-old infant with a combination of concerning symptoms, including fever, severe cough, potential breathing irregularities, and decreased oral intake and urine output. These symptoms warrant cautious medical assessment because young infants are particularly vulnerable to complications like respiratory distress, dehydration, and infections such as whooping cough or pneumonia. Close monitoring and evaluation for serious conditions like sepsis and apnea in a hospitalized setting indicate the high stakes of potential outcomes if the underlying cause is not identified or treated promptly.


Medical Specialty: Surgery
Sample Name: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy - 11

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:,  Recurrent right upper quadrant pain with failure of antacid medical therapy.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Normal esophageal gastroduodenoscopy.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:,  Esophagogastroduodenoscopy with bile aspirate.,ANESTHESIA: , IV Demerol and Versed in titrated fashion.,INDICATIONS: , This 41-year-old female presents to surgical office with history of recurrent right upper quadrant abdominal pain.  Despite antacid therapy, the patient's pain has continued.  Additional findings were concerning with possibility of a biliary etiology.  The patient was explained the risks and benefits of an EGD as well as a Meltzer-Lyon test where upon bile aspiration was performed.  The patient agreed to the procedure and informed consent was obtained.,GROSS FINDINGS: , No evidence of neoplasia, mucosal change, or ulcer on examination.  Aspiration of the bile was done after the administration of 3 mcg of Kinevac.,PROCEDURE DETAILS: , The patient was placed in the supine position.  After appropriate anesthesia was obtained, an Olympus gastroscope inserted from the oropharynx through the second portion of duodenum.  Prior to this, 3 mcg of IV Kinevac was given to the patient to aid with the stimulation of bile.  At this time, the patient as well complained of epigastric discomfort and nausea.  This pain was similar to her previous pain.,Bile was aspirated with a trap to enable the collection of the fluid.  This fluid was then sent to lab for evaluation for crystals.  Next, photodocumentation obtained and retraction of the gastroscope through the antrum revealed no other evidence of disease, retroflexion revealed no evidence of hiatal hernia or other mass and after straightening the scope and aspiration ________, gastroscope was retracted.  The gastroesophageal junction was noted at 20 cm.  No other evidence of disease was appreciated here.  Retraction of the gastroscope backed through the esophagus, off the oropharynx, removed from the patient.  The patient tolerated the procedure well.  We will await evaluation of bile aspirate.
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DESCRIPTION: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy with bile aspirate.  Recurrent right upper quadrant pain with failure of antacid medical therapy.  Normal esophageal gastroduodenoscopy.

surgery, bile aspirate, esophageal, gastroduodenoscopy, kinevac, oropharynx, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, gastroscope

The situation described involves a medical procedure known as an Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with bile aspiration. While medical procedures inherently carry some risks, the procedure appears to have been performed routinely and without complications. The preoperative diagnosis was abdominal pain and the postoperative diagnosis indicated normal findings without evidence of significant disease. The situation does not involve immediate life-threatening conditions, high-risk surgery, or critical health decisions impacting quality of life or survival. Therefore, while it is still important for the patient's diagnosis and potential treatment, it does not constitute a high-stakes scenario compared to more critical medical interventions or emergencies.


Medical Specialty: Neurosurgery
Sample Name: Shunt Revision - 3

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:,  Blocked ventriculoperitoneal shunt.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:,  Blocked ventriculoperitoneal shunt.,PROCEDURE: , Ventriculoperitoneal shunt revision with replacement of ventricular catheter and flushing of the distal end.,ANESTHESIA: , General.,HISTORY: , The patient is nonverbal.  He is almost 3 years old.  He presented with 2 months of irritability, vomiting, and increasing seizures.  CT scan was not conclusive, but shuntogram shows no flow through the shunt.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , After induction of general anesthesia, the patient was placed supine on the operating room table with his head turned to the left.  Scalp was clipped.  He was prepped on the head, neck, chest and abdomen with ChloraPrep.  Incisions were infiltrated with 0.5% Xylocaine with epinephrine 1:200,000.  He received oxacillin.,He was then reprepped and draped in a sterile manner.,The frontal incision was reopened and extended along the valve.  Subcutaneous sharp dissection with Bovie cautery was done to expose the shunt parts.  I separated the ventricular catheter from the valve, and this was a medium pressure small contour Medtronic valve.  There was some flow from the ventricular catheter, but not as much as I would expect.  I removed the right-angled clip with a curette and then pulled out the ventricular catheter, and there was gushing of CSF under high pressure.  So, I do believe that the catheter was obstructed, although inspection of the old catheter holes did not show any specific obstructions.  A new Codman BACTISEAL catheter was placed through the same hole.  I replaced it several times because I wanted to be sure it was in the cavity.  It entered easily and there was still just intermittent flow of CSF.  The catheter irrigated very well and seemed to be patent.,I tested the distal system with an irrigation filled feeding tube, and there was excellent flow through the distal valve and catheter.  So I did not think it was necessary to replace those at this time.  The new catheter was trimmed to a total length of 8 cm and attached to the proximal end of the valve.  The valve connection was secured to the pericranium with a #2-0 Ethibond suture.  The wound was irrigated with bacitracin irrigation.  The shunt pumped and refilled well.  The wound was then closed with #4-0 Vicryl interrupted galeal suture and Steri-Strips on the skin.  It was uncertain whether this will correct the problem or not, but we will continue to evaluate.  If his abdominal pressure is too high, then he may need a different valve.  This will be determined over time, but at this time, the shunt seemed to empty and refill easily.  The patient tolerated the procedure well.  No complications.  Sponge and needle counts were correct.  Blood loss was minimal.  None replaced.
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DESCRIPTION: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt revision with replacement of ventricular catheter and flushing of the distal end.

neurosurgery, bactiseal, bactiseal catheter, codman bactiseal, blocked ventriculoperitoneal shunt, ventriculoperitoneal shunt revision, ventricular catheter, shunt revision, ventriculoperitoneal shunt, catheter, ventriculoperitoneal, ventricular, shunt

The situation involves a surgical procedure on a nearly 3-year-old who has a blocked ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The stakes are high because the procedure is essential to relieve symptoms that include irritability, vomiting, and seizures, potentially caused by intracranial pressure due to a shunt blockage. Any surgical procedure, especially in a young child, carries significant risk due to the need for general anesthesia and the possibility of surgical complications. Although the procedure went well, the outcome remains uncertain, as there may still be issues with the abdominal pressure, necessitating further interventions if the shunt does not function correctly. Errors could lead to severe consequences, such as neurological damage or life-threatening complications.


Medical Specialty: Obstetrics / Gynecology
Sample Name: Radical Mastectomy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:,  Invasive carcinoma of left breast.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:,  Invasive carcinoma of left breast.,OPERATION PERFORMED:,  Left modified radical mastectomy.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal.,INDICATION FOR THE PROCEDURE:  ,The patient is a 52-year-old female who recently underwent a left breast biopsy and was found to have invasive carcinoma of the left breast.  The patient was elected to have a left modified radical mastectomy, she was not interested in a partial mastectomy.  She is aware of the risks and complications of surgery, and wished to proceed.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE:  ,The patient was taken to the operating room.  She underwent general endotracheal anesthetic.  The TED stockings and venous compression devices were placed on both lower extremities and they were functioning well.  The patient's left anterior chest wall, neck, axilla, and left arm were prepped and draped in the usual sterile manner.  The recent biopsy site was located in the upper and outer quadrant of left breast.  The plain incision was marked along the skin.  Tissues and the flaps were injected with 0.25% Marcaine with epinephrine solution and then a transverse elliptical incision was made in the breast of the skin to include nipple areolar complex as well as the recent biopsy site.  The flaps were raised superiorly and just below the clavicle medially to the sternum, laterally towards the latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominus fascia.  Following this, the breast tissue along with the pectoralis major fascia were dissected off the pectoralis major muscle.  The dissection was started medially and extended laterally towards the left axilla.  The breast was removed and then the axillary contents were dissected out.  Left axillary vein and artery were identified and preserved as well as the lung _____.  The patient had several clinically palpable lymph nodes, they were removed with the axillary dissection.  Care was taken to avoid injury to any of the above mentioned neurovascular structures.  After the tissues were irrigated, we made sure there were no signs of bleeding.  Hemostasis had been achieved with Hemoclips.  Hemovac drains x2 were then brought in and placed under the left axilla as well as in the superior and inferior breast flaps.  The subcu was then approximated with interrupted 4-0 Vicryl sutures and skin with clips.  The drains were sutured to the chest wall with 3-0 nylon sutures.  Dressing was applied and the procedure was completed.  The patient went to the recovery room in stable condition.
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DESCRIPTION: Invasive carcinoma of left breast. Left modified radical mastectomy.

obstetrics / gynecology, invasive carcinoma, chest wall, neck, axilla, modified radical mastectomy, radical mastectomy, invasive, carcinoma, mastectomy

The situation involves a surgical procedure for treating invasive carcinoma of the left breast, specifically a left modified radical mastectomy. This type of surgery is significant due to its potential impact on the patient's health and life. Cancer surgeries inherently carry high stakes as they involve removing cancerous tissues to prevent the spread of the disease and save the patient's life. The procedure also involves anesthesia, which adds another layer of complexity and risk. The patient has chosen a more extensive procedure over a partial mastectomy, indicating the seriousness of the condition. Thus, the stakes are high both medically and personally for the patient.


Medical Specialty: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary
Sample Name: Fistulogram & Angioplasty

PREPROCEDURE DIAGNOSIS: , End-stage renal disease.,POSTPROCEDURE DIAGNOSIS: , End-stage renal disease.,PROCEDURES PERFORMED,1.  Left arm fistulogram.,2.  Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the proximal and distal cephalic vein.,3.  Ultrasound-guided access of left upper arm brachiocephalic fistula.,ANESTHESIA:,  Sedation with local.,COMPLICATIONS:,  None.,CONDITION:,  Fair.,DISPOSITION:,  PACU.,ACCESS SITE:,  Left upper arm brachiocephalic fistula.,SHEATH SIZE: , 5 French.,CONTRAST TYPE: , JC PEG tube 70.,CONTRAST VOLUME: , 48 mL.,FLUOROSCOPY TIME: , 16 minutes.,INDICATION FOR PROCEDURE: , This is a 38-year-old female with a left upper arm brachiocephalic fistula which has been transposed.  The patient recently underwent a fistulogram with angioplasty at the proximal upper arm cephalic vein due to a stenosis detected on Duplex ultrasound.  The patient subsequently was noted to have poor flow to the fistula, and the fistula was difficult to palpate.  A repeat ultrasound was performed which demonstrated a high-grade stenosis involving the distal upper arm cephalic vein just distal to the brachial anastomosis.  The patient presents today for a left arm fistulogram with angioplasty.  The risks, benefits, and alternatives of the procedure were discussed with the patient and understands and in agreement to proceed.,PROCEDURE DETAILS:  ,The patient was brought to the angio suite and laid supine on the table.  After sedation was administered, the left arm was then prepped and draped in a standard surgical fashion.  Continuous pulse oximetry and cardiac monitoring were performed throughout the procedure.  The patient was given 1 g of IV Ancef prior to incision.,The left brachiocephalic fistula was visualized with bevel ultrasound.  The cephalic vein in the proximal upper arm region appeared to be of adequate caliber.  There was an area of stenosis at the proximal cephalic vein just distal to the brachial artery anastomosis.  The cephalic vein in the proximal forearm region was easily compressible.  The skin overlying the vessel was injected with 1% lidocaine solution.  A small incision was made with the #11 blade.  The cephalic vein then was cannulated with a 5 French micropuncture introducer sheath.  The sheath was advanced over the wire.  A fistulogram was performed which demonstrated a high-grade stenosis just distal to the brachial artery anastomosis.  The introducer sheath was then exchanged for a 5 French sheath over a 0.025 guide wire.  The sheath was aspirated and flushed with heparinized saline solution.  A 0.025 glidewire was then obtained and advanced, placed over the sheath and across the area of stenosis into the brachial artery.  A 5 French short Kumpe catheter was used to guide the wire into the distal brachial and radial artery.  After crossing the area of stenosis, a 5 x 20 mm standard angioplasty balloon was obtained and prepped from the back table.  This was placed over the glidewire into the area of stenosis and inflated to 14 mmHg pressure and then deflated.  The balloon was then removed over the wire and repeat fistulogram was performed which demonstrated significant improvement.  However, there is still a remainder of residual stenosis.  The 5-mm balloon was placed over the wire again and a repeat angioplasty was performed.  The balloon was then removed over the wire and a repeat angiogram was performed which demonstrated again an area of stenosis right at the anastomosis.  The glidewire was removed and a 0.014 guide wire was then obtained and placed through the sheath and across the brachial anastomosis and into the radial artery.  A 4 x 20 mm cutting balloon was obtained and prepped on the back table.  The 5 French sheath was then exchanged for a 6 French sheath.  The balloon was then placed over the 0.014 guide wire into the area of stenosis and then inflated to normal pressures at 8 mmHg.  The balloon was then deflated and removed over the wire.  A 5 mm x 20 mm balloon was obtained and prepped and placed over the wire into the area of stenosis and inflated to pressures of 14 mmHg.  A repeat fistulogram was performed after the removal of the balloon which demonstrated excellent results with no significant residual stenosis.  The patient actually had a nice palpable thrill at this point.  The fistulogram of the distal cephalic vein at the subclavian anastomosis was performed which demonstrated a mild area of stenosis.  The sheath was removed and blood pressure was held over the puncture site for approximately 10 minutes.,After hemostasis was achieved, the cephalic vein again was visualized with bevel ultrasound.  The proximal cephalic vein was then cannulated after injecting the skin overlying the vessel with a 1% lidocaine solution.  A 5 French micropuncture introducer sheath was then placed over the wire into the proximal cephalic vein.  A repeat fistulogram was performed which demonstrated an area of stenosis within the distal cephalic vein just prior to the subclavian vein confluence.  The 5 French introducer sheath was then exchanged for a 5 French sheath.  The 5 mm x 20 mm balloon was placed over a 0.035 glidewire across the area of stenosis.  The balloon was inflated to 14 mmHg.  The balloon was then deflated and a repeat fistulogram was performed through the sheath which demonstrated good results.  The sheath was then removed and blood pressure was held over the puncture site for approximately 10 minutes.  After adequate hemostasis was achieved, the area was cleansed in 2x2 and Tegaderm was applied.  The patient tolerated the procedure without any complications.  I was present for the entire case.  The sponge, instrument, and needle counts are correct at the end of the case.  The patient was subsequently taken to PACU in stable condition.,ANGIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS:,  The initial left arm brachiocephalic fistulogram demonstrated a stenosis at the brachial artery anastomosis and distally within the cephalic vein.  After standard balloon angioplasty, there was a mild improvement but some residual area of stenosis remained at the anastomosis.  Then postcutting balloon angioplasty, venogram demonstrated a significant improvement without any evidence of significant stenosis.,Fistulogram of the proximal cephalic vein demonstrated a stenosis just prior to the confluence with the left subclavian vein.  Postangioplasty demonstrated excellent results with the standard balloon.  There was no evidence of any contrast extravasation.,IMPRESSION,1.  High-grade stenosis involving the cephalic vein at the brachial artery anastomosis and distally.  Postcutting balloon and standard balloon angioplasty demonstrated excellent results without any evidence of contrast extravasation.,2.  A moderate grade stenosis within the distal cephalic vein just prior to the confluence to the left subclavian vein.  Poststandard balloon angioplasty demonstrated excellent results.  No evidence of contrast extravasation.
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DESCRIPTION: Left arm fistulogram.  Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the proximal and distal cephalic vein.  Ultrasound-guided access of left upper arm brachiocephalic fistula.

The situation involves a medical procedure related to the cardiovascular system, particularly dealing with end-stage renal disease, which is a serious health condition. The procedure, a fistulogram and angioplasty, is intended to address high-grade stenosis, a potentially life-threatening condition if not managed properly, as it can impact blood flow crucially. This type of procedure requires careful planning and execution due to the risks involved, such as those associated with the patient's underlying renal condition and the complexities of vascular access and treatment. Thus, while the outcome of this particular procedure was successful with no complications, the stakes are inherently high due to the severity of the condition and the nature of the treatment.


Medical Specialty: Orthopedic
Sample Name: Three Views - Ankle

EXAM: , Three views of the right ankle.,INDICATIONS:  ,Pain.,FINDINGS: , Three views of the right ankle are obtained.  There is no evidence of fractures or dislocations.  No significant degenerative changes or destructive osseous lesions of the ankle are noted.  There is a small plantar calcaneal spur.  There is no significant surrounding soft tissue swelling.,IMPRESSION:  ,Negative right ankle.
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DESCRIPTION: Pain.  Three views of the right ankle.  Three views of the right ankle are obtained.

orthopedic, three views, calcaneal, plantar, spur, osseous, ankle

The purpose of obtaining three views of the right ankle is to diagnose the cause of pain. The findings indicate no significant issues like fractures, dislocations, or substantial soft tissue swelling, hence ruling out serious conditions. The presence of a small plantar calcaneal spur is noted, but it is not life-threatening. Overall, the situation is related to diagnosing pain, with negative findings for severe conditions, making it relatively low-stakes.


Medical Specialty: Consult - History and Phy.
Sample Name: Allergy Evaluation Consult

HISTORY: , A 34-year-old male presents today self-referred at the recommendation of Emergency Room physicians and his nephrologist to pursue further allergy evaluation and treatment.  Please refer to chart for history and physical, as well as the medical records regarding his allergic reaction treatment at ABC Medical Center for further details and studies.  In summary, the patient had an acute event of perioral swelling, etiology uncertain, occurring on 05/03/2008 requiring transfer from ABC Medical Center to XYZ Medical Center due to a history of renal failure requiring dialysis and he was admitted and treated and felt that his allergy reaction was to Keflex, which was being used to treat a skin cellulitis dialysis shunt infection.  In summary, the patient states he has some problems with tolerating grass allergies, environmental and inhalant allergies occasionally, but has never had anaphylactic or angioedema reactions.  He currently is not taking any medication for allergies.  He is taking atenolol for blood pressure control.  No further problems have been noted upon his discharge and treatment, which included corticosteroid therapy and antihistamine therapy and monitoring.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:,  History of urticaria, history of renal failure with hypertension possible source of renal failure, history of dialysis times 2 years and a history of hypertension.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY:,  PermCath insertion times 3 and peritoneal dialysis.,FAMILY HISTORY: , Strong for heart disease, carcinoma, and a history of food allergies, and there is also a history of hypertension.,CURRENT MEDICATIONS: , Atenolol, sodium bicarbonate, Lovaza, and Dialyvite.,ALLERGIES: , Heparin causing thrombocytopenia.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , Denies tobacco or alcohol use.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:  ,VITAL SIGNS:  Age 34, blood pressure 128/78, pulse 70, temperature is 97.8, weight is 207 pounds, and height is 5 feet 7 inches.,GENERAL:  The patient is healthy appearing; alert and oriented to person, place and time; responds appropriately; in no acute distress.,HEAD:  Normocephalic.  No masses or lesions noted.,FACE:  No facial tenderness or asymmetry noted.,EYES:  Pupils are equal, round and reactive to light and accommodation bilaterally.  Extraocular movements are intact bilaterally.,EARS:  The tympanic membranes are intact bilaterally with a good light reflex.  The external auditory canals are clear with no lesions or masses noted.  Weber and Rinne tests are within normal limits.,NOSE:  The nasal cavities are patent bilaterally.  The nasal septum is midline.  There are no nasal discharges.  No masses or lesions noted.,THROAT:  The oral mucosa appears healthy.  Dental hygiene is maintained well.  No oropharyngeal masses or lesions noted.  No postnasal drip noted.,NECK:  The neck is supple with no adenopathy or masses palpated.  The trachea is midline.  The thyroid gland is of normal size with no nodules.,NEUROLOGIC:  Facial nerve is intact bilaterally.  The remaining cranial nerves are intact without focal deficit.,LUNGS:  Clear to auscultation bilaterally.  No wheeze noted.,HEART:  Regular rate and rhythm.  No murmur noted.,IMPRESSION:  ,1.  Acute allergic reaction, etiology uncertain, however, suspicious for Keflex.,2.  Renal failure requiring dialysis.,3.  Hypertension.,RECOMMENDATIONS:  ,RAST allergy testing for both food and environmental allergies was performed, and we will get the results back to the patient with further recommendations to follow.  If there is any specific food or inhalant allergen that is found to be quite high on the sensitivity scale, we would probably recommend the patient to avoid the offending agent to hold off on any further reactions.  At this point, I would recommend the patient stopping any further use of cephalosporin antibiotics, which may be the cause of his allergic reaction, and I would consider this an allergy.  Being on atenolol, the patient has a more difficult time treating acute anaphylaxis, but I do think this is medically necessary at this time and hopefully we can find specific causes for his allergic reactions.  An EpiPen was also prescribed in the event of acute angioedema or allergic reaction or sensation of impending allergic reaction and he is aware he needs to proceed directly to the emergency room for further evaluation and treatment recommendations after administration of an EpiPen.
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DESCRIPTION: Acute allergic reaction, etiology uncertain, however, suspicious for Keflex.

The situation involves an acute allergic reaction in a patient with a complex medical history, including renal failure and hypertension. The stakes are relatively high due to the potentially life-threatening nature of allergic reactions, especially given that the etiology is uncertain and the patient is on atenolol, which can complicate the management of anaphylaxis. Additionally, the patient requires careful monitoring and examination of potential allergens through RAST testing and the guidance to avoid certain antibiotics. An EpiPen has been prescribed, indicating preparedness for severe reactions, which underscores the seriousness of the situation. However, the situation is being actively managed and observed, which moderates the risk level compared to unmanaged cases.


Medical Specialty: General Medicine
Sample Name: Gen Med Consult - 39

Chief Complaint:, Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, altered mental status.,History of Present Illness:, 55 yo WM with reactive airways disease, allergic rhinitis who was in his usual state of health until he underwent a dental extraction with administration of cephalexin 1 week prior to admission. Approximately one day after the dental procedure, he began having nausea, and abdominal pain along with fatigue. The abdominal pain was described as pressure-like and was located in the epigastrium and periumbilical regions. He initially attributed the symptoms to a side effect of the antibiotic he was taking. However, with worsening of his symptoms, he presented to the ER 5 days after dental extraction.,At that time his vitals were T 99.9 ° HR 115 RR 18 BP 182/101. His exam was notable for mild tenderness in the central abdomen. Laboratory evaluation was notable for WBC 15.6, Hgb 13.1, Plt 189, 16% bands, 68% PMNs. Na 127, K4.7, Cl 88, CO2 29, BUN 19, Cr 1.5, Glucose 155, Ca 9.6, alk phos 125, t bili 0.7, ALT 29, nl amylase and lipase. UA with 100 protein, lg blood, 53 RBC, 2 WBC. Plain films done at that time revealed dilation of small bowel loops in mid-abdomen up to 3.5cm in diameter, thought to be most consistent with a paralytic ileus. The patient was discharged home with diagnosis of medication-induced gastroenteritis vs. UTI. He was instructed to stop his current antibiotic but start Levaquin, and he was given Vicodin, and phenergan for symptomatic relief.,Over the next 2 days, the patient began having fevers, non-bloody emesis, diarrhea, and confusion in addition to his persistent nausea, and abdominal pain. On the night of presentation, the patient was found by a cousin in his bathroom lethargic and disoriented. EMS was called and patient was taken to the ER. In the ER, the pt was diaphoretic, unable to answer questions appropriately, hypotensive, and febrile, with some response of bp to multiple IVF boluses (4L). He received acetaminophen, and ceftriaxone 2g IV after blood cultures were obtained and an LP was performed in the ER. He was then admitted to the ICU for further evaluation and management.,Past Medical History:,Asthma,Allergic Rhinitis,Medications:,loratadine,beclomethasone nasal,fluticasone/salmeterol inhaled,Montelukast,cephalexin,hydrocodone,Allergies:, PCN, but has tolerated cephalosporins in the past.,Social History:, No tobacco use, occasional EtOH, no known drug use, works as a real estate agent.,Family History:, HTN, father with SLE, uncle with Addison’s Disease.,Physical Exam:,T 102.9 ° HR 145 RR 22 BP 99/50 98% on room air, (orthostatics were not performed due to patient’s mental status),I/O: minimal urine output after Foley insertion,Gen: lethargic, mild tachypnea,HEENT: no evidence of trauma, sclerae anicteric, pupils are equal round and reactive to light, oropharynx clear, MM dry.,Neck: supple, without increased JVP, lymphadenopathy or bruits. No thyromegaly,Chest: coarse rhonchi bilaterally,CV: tachycardia, regular, no murmurs, gallops, rubs,Abd: hypoactive bowel sounds, soft, slightly distended, mild tenderness throughout. No rebound, no masses or hepatosplenomegaly.,Ext: no cyanosis, clubbing, or edema. 2+ pulses bilateral distal extremities, no petechiae or splinter hemorrhages.,Neuro: lethargic, but arousable, oriented to person, but not to place, or time. He was not able to answer questions appropriately. Moved all extremities equally but was uncooperative with exam. 2+ DTRs bilaterally, no Babinski reflex.,Skin: no rash, ecchymosis, or petechiae,STUDIES:,EKG: sinus tachycardia, normal axis, isolated Q in III, no TWI or ST elevations or depressions,CXR: Heart normal in size, pulmonary vasculature unremarkable, subsegmental atelectasis in the lower lobes. Acromioclavicular osteoarthritis bilaterally. Lucent lesion in the subchondral bone of the R humeral head, likely a degenerative subchondral cyst.,AXR: Minimal dilation of the small bowel loops in the mid abdomen measuring up to 3cm, no mass lesion or free air visible.,MRI brain pre and post gadolinium: No evidence of hemorrhage, abnormal enhancement, mass lesions, mass effect or edema. The ventricles, sulci, and cisterns are age appropriate in size and configuration. There is no evidence for restricted diffusion. There is mucosal thickening lining the walls of the left maxillary sinus, also containing an air fluid level with two different levels within it, most likely from proteinaceous differences. There is mucosal thickening along the posterior wall of the right maxillary sinus. Mucosal thickening is identified along the walls of the sphenoid sinus, ethmoid sinuses and frontal sinus. Sinusitis with chronic and acute features.,Echo: EF 50%, mild LV concentric hypertrophy, otherwise normal chamber sizes and function,TEE: Normal valves, no thrombi, PFO with R to L shunt, trivial MR, trivial TR,RLE Ultrasound with Dopplers – total deep venous obstruction in distal external iliac, common femoral, profunda femoral, and femoral vein, partial DVT in popliteal and posterior tibial veins, and total DVT greater saphenous vein. No venous obstruction on the L LE. R calf 34cm, R thigh 42 cm, L calf 31cm, L thigh 39cm.,CT Abdomen (initial ER visit): Trace bilateral pleural fluid, findings in liver compatible with diffuse fatty infiltration, 3.5cm non calcified R adrenal mass was noted, along with an edematous L adrenal with no discrete mass. There was retroperitoneal edema around the lower abdominal aorta with perinephric stranding, no stone or obstruction. Moderate fullness of small bowel loops was noted, most consistent with a paralytic ileus.,Hospital Course:, The patient developed right lower extremity swelling and was diagnosed with deep venous thrombosis. Diagnostic studies were performed.
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DESCRIPTION: Patient with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, altered mental status.

The situation involves a 55-year-old male with multiple symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and altered mental status. Significant findings include lab abnormalities, pulmonary symptoms, hypotension, and development of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The patient required ICU admission after experiencing hypotensive episodes and confusion, which were not adequately resolved with IV fluids. These clinical presentations suggest serious conditions that could potentially be life-threatening, such as sepsis or severe infection, requiring careful and urgent medical management. The complexity and severity of the patient's condition, along with ICU admission, makes this a high-stakes medical situation.


Medical Specialty: Obstetrics / Gynecology
Sample Name: D&C - Discharge Summary

ADMISSION DIAGNOSES:,1.  Severe menometrorrhagia unresponsive to medical therapy.,2.  Severe anemia.,3.  Fibroid uterus.,DISCHARGE DIAGNOSES:,1.  Severe menometrorrhagia unresponsive to medical therapy.,2.  Severe anemia.,3.  Fibroid uterus.,OPERATIONS PERFORMED:,1.  Hysteroscopy.,2.  Dilatation and curettage (D&C).,3.  Myomectomy.,COMPLICATIONS: , Large endometrial cavity fibroid requiring careful dissection and excision.,BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS: , Two units of packed red blood cells.,INFECTION: , None.,SIGNIFICANT LAB AND X-RAY: , Posttransfusion of the 2nd unit showed her hematocrit of 25, hemoglobin of 8.3.,HOSPITAL COURSE AND TREATMENT: , The patient was admitted to the surgical suite and taken to the operating room where a dilatation and curettage (D&C) was performed.  Hysteroscopy revealed a large endometrial cavity fibroid.  Careful shaving and excision of this fibroid was performed with removal of the fibroid.  Hemostasis was noted completely at the end of this procedure.  Postoperatively, the patient has done well.  The patient was given a 2nd unit of packed red blood cells because of intraoperative blood loss.  The patient is now ambulating without difficulty and tolerating her diet.  The patient desires to go home.  The patient is discharged to home.,DISCHARGE CONDITION: , Stable.,DISCHARGE INSTRUCTIONS:  ,Regular diet, bedrest for 1 week with slow return to normal activities over the ensuing 2 to 3 weeks, pelvic rest for 6 weeks.  Vicodin tablets 1 tablet p.o. q.4-6 h. p.r.n. pain, multiple vitamin 1 tab p.o. daily, ferrous sulfate  tablets 1 tablet p.o. daily.  Ambulate with assistance at home only.  The patient is to return to see Dr. X p.r.n. plus Tuesday, 6/16/2009 for further followup care.  The patient was given full and complete postop and discharge instructions.  All her questions were answered.
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DESCRIPTION: Hysteroscopy, dilatation and curettage (D&C), and myomectomy.  Severe menometrorrhagia unresponsive to medical therapy, severe anemia, and fibroid uterus.

obstetrics / gynecology, (d&c), fibroid uterus, myomectomy, dilatation, curettage, menometrorrhagia, uterus, hysteroscopy, fibroid,

This case involves a patient undergoing significant gynecological surgery due to severe menometrorrhagia, anemia, and fibroid uterus. These conditions are severe and have not responded to medical treatment, necessitating surgical interventions including hysteroscopy, dilatation and curettage (D&C), and myomectomy. The patient experienced significant blood loss during the procedure, requiring a blood transfusion. These factors indicate a substantial risk to the patient's health and a requirement for careful postoperative care and monitoring, making the situation high-stakes in the context of medical treatment.


Medical Specialty: Orthopedic
Sample Name: ORIF of Left Distal Radius

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Left distal radius fracture, metaphyseal extraarticular.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Left distal radius fracture, metaphyseal extraarticular.,PROCEDURE: , Open reduction and internal fixation of left distal radius.,IMPLANTS:  ,Wright Medical Micronail size 2.,ANESTHESIA: , LMA.,TOURNIQUET TIME: , 49 minutes.,BLOOD LOSS: , Minimal.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,PATHOLOGY: , None.,TIME OUT: , Time out was performed before the procedure started.,INDICATIONS:,  The patient was a 42-year-old female who fell and sustained a displaced left metaphyseal distal radius fracture indicated for osteosynthesis.  The patient was in early stage of gestation.  Benefits and risks including radiation exposure were discussed with the patient and consulted her primary care doctor.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , Supine position, LMA anesthesia, well-padded arm, tourniquet, Hibiclens, alcohol prep, and sterile drape.,Exsanguination achieved, tourniquet inflated to 250 mmHg.  First, under fluoroscopy the fracture was reduced.  A 0.045 K-wire was inserted from dorsal ulnar corner of the distal radius and crossing fracture line to maintain the reduction.  A 2-cm radial incision, superficial radial nerve was exposed and protected.  Dissecting between the first and second dorsal extensor retinaculum, the second dorsal extensor compartment was elevated off from the distal radius.  The guidewire was inserted under fluoroscopy.  A cannulated drill was used to drill antral hole.  Antral awl was inserted.  Then we reamed the canal to size 2.  Size 2 Micronail was inserted to the medullary canal.  Using distal locking guide, three locking screws were inserted distally.  The second dorsal incision was made.  The deep radial dorsal surface was exposed.  Using locking guide, two proximal shaft screws were inserted and locked the nail to the radius.  Fluoroscopic imaging was taken and showing restoration of the height, tilt, and inclination of the radius.  At this point, tourniquet was deflated, hemostasis achieved, wounds irrigated and closed in layers.  Sterile dressing applied.  The patient then was extubated and transferred to the recovery room under stable condition.,Postoperatively, the patient will see a therapist within five days.  We will immobilize wrist for two weeks and then starting flexion-extension and prosupination exercises.
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DESCRIPTION: Open reduction and internal fixation of left distal radius.

orthopedic, distal radius fracture, dorsal extensor, locking guide, radius fracture, extraarticular, metaphyseal, guidewire, fracture, dorsal, distal,

The procedure described is a relatively routine orthopedic surgery to repair a fractured distal radius. While surgery always involves some level of risk, the procedure was completed without complications, with minimal blood loss, and the patient was stable in recovery. The patient's early stage of gestation adds some complexity due to potential concerns about anesthetic or radiologic risks to the fetus, but these were considered and discussed with the patient and primary care doctor. Generally, ORIF of a distal radius fracture is not considered an extremely high-stakes situation in comparison to more complex or emergency surgeries.


Medical Specialty: ENT - Otolaryngology
Sample Name: BMT & T&A

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES: , Chronic otitis media and tonsillar adenoid hypertrophy.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,  Chronic otitis media and tonsillar adenoid hypertrophy.,PROCEDURES:,  Bilateral myringotomy and tube placement, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.,INDICATIONS FOR PROCEDURE: , The patient is a 3-1/2-year-old child with history of recurrent otitis media as well as snoring and chronic mouth breathing.  Risks and benefits of surgery including risk of bleeding, general anesthesia, tympanic membrane perforation as well as persistent recurrent otitis media were discussed with the patient and parents and informed consent was signed by the parents.,FINDINGS:  ,The patient was brought to the operating room, placed in supine position, given general endotracheal anesthesia.  The left ear was then draped in a clean fashion.  Under microscopic visualization, the ear canal was cleaned of the wax.  Myringotomy incision was made in the anterior inferior quadrant.  There was no fluid in the middle ear space.  A Micron Bobbin tube was easily placed.  Floxin drops were placed in the ear.  The same was performed on the right side with similar findings.  The patient was then turned to be placed in Rose position.  The patient draped in clean fashion.  A small McIvor mouth gag was used to hold open the oral cavity.  The soft palate was palpated.  There was no submucous cleft felt.  Using a 1:1 mixture of 1% Xylocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 0.25% Marcaine, both tonsillar pillars and the fossae injected with approximately 7 mL total.  Using a curved Allis the right tonsil was grasped and pulled medially.  Tonsil was dissected off the tonsillar fossa using a Coblator.  The left tonsil was removed in the similar fashion.  Hemostasis then achieved in tonsillar fossa using the Coblator on coagulation setting.  The soft palate was then retracted using red rubber catheter.  Under mirror visualization, the patient was found to have enlarged adenoids.  The adenoids were removed using the Coblator.  Hemostasis was also achieved using the Coblator on coagulation setting.  The rubber catheter was then removed.  Reexamining the oropharynx, small bleeding points were cauterized with the Coblator.  Stomach contents were then aspirated with saline sump.  The patient was woken up from anesthesia, extubated and brought to recovery room in stable condition.  There were no intraoperative complications.  Needle and sponge correct.  Estimated blood loss minimal.
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DESCRIPTION: Bilateral myringotomy and tube placement, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.

ent - otolaryngology, bilateral myringotomy, tube placement, tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, micron bobbin, myringotomy and tube, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, chronic otitis media, tonsillar adenoid, tonsillar fossa, rubber catheter, otitis media, adenoids, myringotomy, otitis, media, tonsillar, coblator,

The situation involves a surgical procedure on a 3-1/2-year-old child for chronic otitis media and tonsillar adenoid hypertrophy, which entails risks associated with surgery and anesthesia. Given the child's age and the invasive nature of the surgery (myringotomy, tube placement, tonsillectomy, and adenoidectomy), this procedure has several noteworthy risks such as bleeding, anesthesia complications, tympanic membrane perforation, and persistent infections. Surgery on young children always carries higher stakes, particularly due to the potential complications that can arise from anesthesia and recovery. However, the procedure itself is fairly routine in ENT practice and was completed without complications, which slightly mitigates the stakes.


Medical Specialty: Consult - History and Phy.
Sample Name: H&P - Weakness

CHIEF COMPLAINT:, Right-sided weakness.,HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:, The patient was doing well until this morning when she was noted to have right-sided arm weakness with speech difficulties. She was subsequently sent to ABC Medical Center for evaluation and treatment. At ABC, the patient was seen by Dr. H including labs and a head CT which is currently pending. The patient has continued to have right-sided arm and hand weakness, and has difficulty expressing herself. She does seem to comprehend words. The daughter states the patient is in the Life Care Center, and she believes this started this morning. The patient denies headache, visual changes, chest pain and shortness of breath. These changes have been constant since onset this morning, have not improved or worsened, and the patient notes no modifying factors.,ALLERGIES:, NO KNOWN DRUG ALLERGIES.,MEDICATIONS:, Medications are taken from the paperwork from Life Care Center and include: Lortab 3-4 times a day for pain, Ativan 0.25 mg by mouth every 12 hours p.r.n. pain, Depakote ER 250 mg p.o. q nightly, Actos 15 mg p.o. t.i.d., Lantus 35 units subcu q nightly, Glipizide 10 mg p.o. q day, Lanoxin 0.125 mg p.o. q day, Lasix 40 mg p.o. q day, Lopressor 50 mg p.o. b.i.d., insulin sliding scale, Lunesta 1 mg p.o. q nightly, Sorbitol 15 mg p.o. q day, Zoloft 50 mg p.o. q nightly, Dulcolax as needed for constipation.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:, Significant for moderate to severe aortic stenosis, urinary tract infection, hypertension, chronic kidney disease (although her creatinine is near normal).,SOCIAL HISTORY:, The patient lives at Life Care Center. She does not smoke, drink or use intravenous drugs.,FAMILY HISTORY:, Negative for cerebrovascular accident or cardiac disease.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:, As in HPI. Patient and daughter also deny weight loss, fevers, chills, sweats, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain. She has had some difficulty expressing herself, but seems to comprehend speech as above. The patient has had a history of chronic urinary tract infections and her drainage is similar to past episodes when she has had such infection.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:,VITAL SIGNS: The patient is currently with a temperature of 99.1, blood pressure 138/59, pulse 69, respirations 15. She is 95% on room air.,GENERAL: This is a pleasant elderly female who appears stated age, in mild distress.,HEENT: Oropharynx is dry.,NECK: Supple with no jugular venous distention or thyromegaly.,RESPIRATORY: Clear to auscultation. No wheezes, rubs or crackles.,CARDIOVASCULAR: A 4/6 systolic ejection murmur best heard at the 2nd right intercostal space with radiation to the carotids.,ABDOMEN: Soft. Normal bowel sounds.,EXTREMITIES: No clubbing, cyanosis or edema. She does have bilateral above knee amputations.,NEUROLOGIC: Strength 2/5 in her right hand, 4/5 in her left hand. She does have mild right facial droop and an expressive aphasia.,VASCULAR: The patient has good capillary refill in her fingertips.,LABORATORY DATA:, BUN 52, creatinine 1.3. Normal coags. Glucose 220. White blood cell count 10,800. Urinalysis has 608 white cells, 625 RBCs. Head CT is currently pending. EKG shows normal sinus rhythm with mild ST-depression and biphasic T-waves diffusely.,ASSESSMENT AND PLAN:,1. Right-sided weakness with an expressive aphasia, at this time concerning for a left-sided middle cerebral artery cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attach given the patient's serious vascular disease. At this point we will hydrate, treat her urinary tract infection, check an MRI, ultrasound of her carotids, and echocardiogram to reevaluate valvular and left ventricular function. Start antiplatelet therapy and ask Neuro to see the patient.,2. Urinary tract infection. Will treat with ceftriaxone, check urine culture data and adjust as needed.,3. Dehydration. Will hydrate with IV fluids and follow p.o. intake while holding diuretics.,4. Diabetes mellitus type 2 uncontrolled. Her sugar is 249. We will continue Lantus insulin and sliding scale coverage, and check hemoglobin A1c to gauge prior control.,5. Prophylaxis. Will institute low molecular weight heparin and follow activity levels.
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DESCRIPTION: Patient with right-sided arm weakness with speech difficulties, urinary tract infection, dehydration, and diabetes mellitus type 2

The situation involves a potential cerebrovascular accident, possibly a stroke, which requires immediate medical attention and evaluation. The presence of neurological symptoms like right-sided weakness and expressive aphasia in an elderly patient, combined with a history of serious vascular disease, increases the urgency of the situation. Strokes are high-stakes without timely intervention as they can lead to serious and permanent health consequences. Furthermore, the patient has other medical conditions like diabetes that need to be managed carefully. Therefore, this scenario is high-stakes.


Medical Specialty: Pain Management
Sample Name: Cervical Medial Branch Blocks

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:,  Cervical spondylosis.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:,  Cervical spondylosis.,OPERATION PERFORMED:,  Cervical Medial Branch Blocks under fluoroscopic control.,ANESTHESIA:,  Local and IV.,COMPLICATIONS:,  None.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE:,  After proper consent was obtained, the patient was taken to the fluoroscopy suite and place on a fluoroscopy table in a prone position with a chest roll in place.  The neck was placed in a flexed position.  The patient was monitored with blood pressure cuff, EKG, and pulse oximetry and given oxygen via nasal cannula.  The patient was lightly sedated.  The skin was prepped and draped in a sterile classical fashion.,Under fluoroscopy control, the waists of the articular pillars were identified and marked.  Local anesthesia infiltrated subcutaneously and deep extending down toward these previously marked points.  Once the anesthesia was established, a 10-cm, 22-gauge needle was placed in contact with the waists of the articular pillars at the affected levels that were previously mentioned.  This was done under direct fluoroscopic control with PA views initially for orientation utilizing a gun barrel technique and then a lateral view to determine the depth of the needle.  The needle tip was positioned such that the tip was at the posterior aspect of the articular pillar's waist and was then incrementally advanced until the tip was at the center of the pedicle, where the medial branch lies.  For C3 to C6, the medial branch is along the ventral aspect of a line that connects the greatest antero-posterior diameter of the articular pillar but remains dorsal to the foramen as seen on lateral imaging.  For a C7 medial branch block, the needle tip is positioned more superiorly such that it overlies the superior articular process.  For a C8 medial branch block, the needle is placed at the junction of the superior articulating facet and the base of the transverse process of T1.,Once the needles were in place, each level was then injected with 1cc of a 10 cc solution of Marcaine 0.5% mixed with 50mg on methyl prednisolone acetate.  The patient tolerated the procedure well without any difficulties or complications.
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DESCRIPTION: Cervical spondylosis.  Cervical medial branch blocks under fluoroscopic control.

pain management, fluoroscopic control, fluoroscopy, cervical medial branch blocks, medial branch blocks, cervical spondylosis, articular pillars, cervical, anesthesia, spondylosis, fluoroscopic, blocks, needle, medial, branch,

The procedure described, cervical medial branch blocks, is a common therapeutic intervention for managing cervical spondylosis pain. While it is minimally invasive and typically safe, it involves the use of needles and fluoroscopy, and requires precise technique to ensure effectiveness and avoid complications such as infection, bleeding, or nerve damage. The absence of complications and the routine nature of the procedure suggest that, while important, the risk level is moderate compared to more invasive surgical interventions. However, it remains a significant procedure given the requirement for imaging and precision, and the potential impact on the patient's pain management and quality of life.


Medical Specialty: SOAP / Chart / Progress Notes
Sample Name: Plantar Fasciitis

S -, A 44-year-old, 250-pound male presents with extreme pain in his left heel.  This is his chief complaint.  He says that he has had this pain for about two weeks.  He works on concrete floors.  He says that in the mornings when he gets up or after sitting, he has extreme pain and great difficulty in walking.  He also has a macular blotching of skin on his arms, face, legs, feet and the rest of his body that he says is a pigment disorder that he has had since he was 17 years old.  He also has redness and infection of the right toes.,O -, The patient apparently has a pigmentation disorder, which may or may not change with time, on his arms, legs and other parts of his body, including his face.  He has an erythematous moccasin-pattern tinea pedis of the plantar aspects of both feet.  He has redness of the right toes 2, 3 and 4.  Extreme exquisite pain can be produced by direct pressure on the plantar aspect of his left heel.,A -, 1.  Plantar fasciitis.,
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DESCRIPTION: A 44-year-old, 250-pound male presents with extreme pain in his left heel.

soap / chart / progress notes, plantar fasciitis, tinea pedis, tinea purpura, heel, fasciitis, plantar,

The situation describes a medical evaluation for a patient suspected of having plantar fasciitis. While the patient's pain is severe and it certainly affects his quality of life, plantar fasciitis is generally not considered a high-stakes medical condition in terms of immediate danger to life or limb. It is a common and often manageable condition. However, the note mentions additional skin and infection issues that might require attention. The case does not seem to involve life-threatening elements but should be addressed to alleviate pain and prevent further complications.


You are an LLM as part of a medical assistant system, interacting with medical practitioners to improve efficiency.

Medical Specialty: Surgery
Sample Name: Cystoscopy & Bladder Biopsy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:,  History of bladder tumor with abnormal cytology and areas of erythema.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , History of bladder tumor with abnormal cytology and areas of erythema.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:,1.  Cystoscopy.,2.  Bladder biopsy with fulguration.,ANESTHESIA: , IV sedation with local.,SPECIMEN: , Urine cytology and right lateral wall biopsies.,PROCEDURE:,  After the consent was obtained, the patient was brought to the operating room and given IV sedation.  He was then placed in dorsal lithotomy position and prepped and draped in standard fashion.  A #21 French cystoscope was then used to visualized the entire urethra and bladder.  There was noted to be a narrowing of the proximal urethra, however, the scope was able to pass through.  The patient was noted to have a previously resected prostate.  On visualization of the bladder, the patient did have areas of erythema on the right as well as the left lateral walls, more significant on the right side.  The patient did have increased vascularity throughout the bladder.  The ________ two biopsies of the right lateral wall and those were sent for pathology.  The Bovie cautery was then used to cauterize the entire area of the biopsy as well as surrounding erythema.  Bovie was also utilized to cauterize the areas of erythema on the left lateral wall.  No further bleeding was identified.  The bladder was drained and the cystoscope was removed.  The patient tolerated the procedure well and was transferred to the recovery room.,He will have his defibrillator restarted and will followup with Dr. X in approximately two weeks for the result.  He will be discharged home with antibiotics as well as pain medications.  He is to restart his Coumadin not before Sunday.
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DESCRIPTION: Cystoscopy and Bladder biopsy with fulguration.   History of bladder tumor with abnormal cytology and areas of erythema.

surgery, bladder biopsy with fulguration, iv sedation, bladder biopsy, bladder tumor, abnormal cytology, bladder, cystoscopy, tumor, cytology, erythema,

The procedure involves a patient with a history of bladder tumors undergoing cystoscopy and a bladder biopsy, which are standard medical practices for diagnosing and treating bladder abnormalities. While the presence of abnormal cytology suggests potential malignancy or other serious pathology, the fact that the procedure was completed without complications and the patient is stable makes it less critical in the immediate sense. However, the implications of the biopsy results could be significant, affecting future treatment options. Therefore, the stakes are moderate, as it relates to ongoing cancer surveillance or treatment.


Medical Specialty: Neurology
Sample Name: Cerebral Angiogram & MRA

CC:, Transient visual field loss.,HX: ,This 58 y/o RHF had a 2 yr h/o increasing gait difficulty which she attributed to generalized weakness and occasional visual obscurations. She was evaluated by a local physician several days prior to this presentation (1/7/91), for clumsiness of her right hand and falling. HCT and MRI brain revealed bilateral posterior clinoid masses.,MEDS:, Colace, Quinidine, Synthroid, Lasix, Lanoxin, KCL, Elavil, Tenormin.,PMH: ,1) Obesity.  2) VBG, 1990.  3) A-Fib. 4) HTN.  5) Hypothyroidism.  6) Hypercholesterolemia. 7) Briquet's syndrome: h/o of hysterical paralysis. 8) CLL, dx 1989; in 1992 presented with left neck lymphadenopathy and received 5 cycles of chlorambucil/prednisone chemotherapy; 10/95 parotid gland biopsy was consistent with CLL and she received 5 more cycles of chlorambucil/prednisone; 1/10/96, she received 3000cGy to right parotid mass. 9) SNHL,FHX:, Father died, MI age 61.,SHX:, Denied Tobacco/ETOH/illicit drug use.,EXAM:, Vitals were unremarkable.,The neurologic exam was unremarkable except for obesity and mild decreased PP about the right upper and lower face, diffusely about the left upper and lower face, per neurosurgery notes. The neuro-ophthalmologic exam was unremarkable, per Neuro-ophthalmology.,COURSE:, She underwent Cerebral Angiography on 1/8/91. This revealed a 15x17x20mm LICA paraclinoid/ophthalmic artery aneurysm and a 5x7mm RICA paraclinoid/ophthalmic artery aneurysm. On 1/16/91 she underwent a left frontotemporal craniotomy and exploration of the left aneurysm. The aneurysm neck went into the cavernous sinus and was unclippable so it was wrapped. She has complained of headaches since.
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DESCRIPTION: Cerebral Angiogram and MRA for bilateral ophthalmic artery aneurysms.

neurology, visual field loss, transient, visual field, cerebral angiography, ophthalmic, paraclinoid, aneurysm, paraclinoid/ophthalmic, cavernous, frontotemporal, craniotomy, exam was unremarkable, artery aneurysms, mra, visual, parotid, cerebral, artery, neurologic, aneurysms, angiogram

This case involves a patient with bilateral ophthalmic artery aneurysms, which required a cerebral angiogram and resulted in a surgical procedure to address one of the aneurysms. Aneurysms can be life-threatening, as they pose a risk of rupture, leading to serious conditions such as stroke or severe hemorrhage. The patient's medical history also includes several complex conditions, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia and atrial fibrillation, which add to the complexity and potential risk. Therefore, the situation can be considered relatively high-stakes due to the potential for life-threatening complications and the complexity involved in managing the patient's condition.


Medical Specialty: Surgery
Sample Name: Biopsy - Actinic Keratosis

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:  ,1.  Left chest actinic keratosis, 2 cm.,2.  Left medial chest actinic keratosis, 1 cm.,3.  Left shoulder actinic keratosis, 1 cm.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:  ,1.  Left chest actinic keratosis, 2 cm.,2.  Left medial chest actinic keratosis, 1 cm.,3.  Left shoulder actinic keratosis, 1 cm.,TITLE OF PROCEDURES:  ,1.  Excisional biopsy of left chest 2 cm actinic keratosis.,2.  Two-layer plastic closure.,3.  Excisional biopsy of left chest medial actinic keratosis 1 cm with one-layer plastic closure.,4.  Excisional biopsy of left should skin nevus, 1 cm, one-layer plastic closure.,ANESTHESIA: , Xylocaine 1% with 1:100,000 dilution of epinephrine totaling 6 mL.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , Minimal.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,PROCEDURE: , All areas were prepped, draped, and localized in the usual manner.  Afterwards, elliptical incisions were placed with a #15-blade scalpel and curved iris scissors and small bishop forceps were used for the dissection of the skin lesions.  After all were removed, they were closed with one-layer technique for the shoulder and medial lesion, and the larger left chest lesion was closed with two-layer closure using Monocryl 5-0 for subcuticular closure and 5-0 nylon for skin closure.  She tolerated this procedure very well, and postoperative care instructions were provided.  She will follow up next week for suture removal.  Of note, she had an episode of hemoptysis, which could not be explained prompting an emergency room visit, and I discussed if this continues we may wish to perform a fiberoptic laryngoscopy examination and possible further workup if a diagnosis cannot be made.
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DESCRIPTION: Excisional biopsy of actinic keratosis and skin nevus, two-layer and one-layer plastic closures,

surgery, two-layer plastic closure, one-layer plastic closure, skin nevus, actinic keratosis, plastic closures, keratosis, actinic, biopsy, forceps, layer, closures, chest

The procedure described involves the excisional biopsy of actinic keratosis and a skin nevus, which typically are considered low to moderate risk procedures due to their outpatient nature and the superficial depth of actinic keratosis. However, there is mention of an unexplained episode of hemoptysis, which could indicate a more serious underlying issue. If this symptom persists, it may require further investigation and could raise the stakes of the overall situation, but as it stands, it does not immediately escalate the concern to emergency levels. The current outcome of the procedure is uneventful with minimal complications.


Medical Specialty: Radiology
Sample Name: MRI Foot - 3

EXAM:,MRI LEFT FOOT,CLINICAL:, A 49-year-old female with ankle pain times one month, without a specific injury. Patient complains of moderate to severe pain, worse with standing or walking on hard surfaces, with tenderness to palpation at the plantar aspect of the foot and midfoot region and tenderness over the course of the posterior tibialis tendon.,FINDINGS:,Received for second opinion interpretations is an MRI examination performed on 05/27/2005.,There is edema of the subcutis adipose space extending along the medial and lateral aspects of the ankle.,There is edema of the subcutis adipose space posterior to the Achilles tendon. Findings suggest altered biomechanics with crural fascial strains.,There is tendinosis of the posterior tibialis tendon as it rounds the tip of the medial malleolus with mild tendon thickening. There is possible partial surface tearing of the anterior aspect of the tendon immediately distal to the tip of the medial malleolus (axial inversion recovery image #16) which is a possible hypertrophic tear less than 50% in cross sectional diameter. The study has been performed with the foot in neutral position. Confirmation of this possible partial tendon tear would require additional imaging with the foot in a plantar flexed position with transaxial images of the posterior tibialis tendon as it rounds the tip of the medial malleolus oriented perpendicular to the course of the posterior tibialis tendon.,There is minimal synovitis of the flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus tendon sheaths consistent with flexor splinting but intrinsically normal tendons.,Normal peroneal tendons.,There is tendinosis of the tibialis anterior tendon with thickening but no demonstrated tendon tear. Normal extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum tendons.,Normal Achilles tendon. There is a low-lying soleus muscle that extends to within 2cm of the teno-osseous insertion of the Achilles tendon.,Normal distal tibiofibular syndesmotic ligamentous complex.,Normal lateral, subtalar and deltoid ligamentous complexes.,There are no erosions of the inferior neck of the talus and there are no secondary findings of a midfoot pronating force.,Normal plantar fascia. There is no plantar calcaneal spur.,There is venous engorgement of the plantar veins of the foot extending along the medial and lateral plantar cutaneous nerves which may be acting as intermittent entrapping lesions upon the medial and lateral plantar cutaneous nerves.,Normal tibiotalar, subtalar, talonavicular and calcaneocuboid articulations.,The metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux was partially excluded from the field-of-view of this examination.,IMPRESSION:,Tendinosis of the posterior tibialis tendon with tendon thickening and possible surface fraying / tearing of the tendon immediately distal to the tip of the medial malleolus, however, confirmation of this finding would require additional imaging.,Minimal synovitis of the flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus tendon sheaths, consistent with flexor splinting.,Edema of the subcutis adipose space along the medial and lateral aspects of the ankle suggesting altered biomechanics and crural fascial strain.,Mild tendinosis of the tibialis anterior tendon with mild tendon thickening.,Normal plantar fascia and no plantar fasciitis.,Venous engorgement of the plantar veins of the foot which may be acting as entrapping lesions upon the medial and lateral plantar cutaneous nerves.
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DESCRIPTION: A 49-year-old female with ankle pain times one month, without a specific injury.

radiology, lateral plantar cutaneous, plantar cutaneous nerves, posterior tibialis tendon, medial and lateral, subcutis adipose, adipose space, achilles tendon, tendon thickening, hallucis longus, lateral plantar, plantar cutaneous, cutaneous nerves, medial malleolus, posterior tibialis, tibialis tendon, plantar, tendon, posterior, flexor, tibialis, medial,

The situation involves interpreting an MRI of the foot for a patient experiencing significant pain, which suggests it is important for the patient's health and comfort. However, there is no acute emergency or life-threatening condition indicated in the findings. The stakes involve the patient receiving proper diagnosis and potential treatment for pain relief and mobility improvement. This affects quality of life rather than being an immediate threat, making it moderately significant.


Medical Specialty: Consult - History and Phy.
Sample Name: Psych Consult - Psychosis - 1

IDENTIFYING DATA: , This is a 26-year-old Caucasian male of unknown employment, who has been living with his father.,CHIEF COMPLAINT AND/OR REACTION TO HOSPITALIZATION: , The patient is unresponsive.,HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: , The patient was found by outpatient case manager to be unresponsive and incontinent of urine and feces at his father's home.  It is unknown how long the patient has been decompensated after a stay at Hospital.,PAST PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY: , Inpatient ITA stay at Hospital one year ago, outpatient at Valley Cities, but currently not engaged in treatment.,MEDICAL HISTORY: , Due to the patient being unresponsive and very little information available in the chart, the only medical history that we can identify is to observe that the patient is quite thin for height.  He is likely dehydrated, as it appears that he has not had food or fluids for quite some time.,CURRENT MEDICATIONS:,  Prior to admission, we do not have that information.  He has been started on Ativan 2 mg p.o. or IM if he refuses the p.o. and this would be t.i.d. to treat the catatonia.,SOCIAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY:  ,The patient has been living in his father's home and this is all the information that we have available from the chart.,SUBSTANCE AND ALCOHOL HISTORY:  ,It is unknown with the exception of nicotine use.,LEGAL HISTORY: , Unknown.,GENETIC PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY: , Unknown.,MENTAL STATUS EXAM:,Attitude:  The patient is unresponsive.,Appearance:  He is lying in bed in the fetal position with a blanket over his head.,Psychomotor:  Catatonic.,EPS/TD:  Unable to assess though his limbs are quite contracted.,Affect:  Unresponsive.,Mood:  Unresponsive.,Speech:  Unresponsive.,Thought Process And Thought Content:  Unresponsive.,Psychosis:  Unable to elicit information to make this assessment.,Suicidal/Homicidal:  Also unable to elicit this information.,Cognitive Assessment:  Unable to elicit.,Judgment And Insight:  Unable to elicit.,Assets:  The patient is young.,Limitations:  Severe decompensation.,FORMULATION:  ,This is a 26-year-old Caucasian male with a diagnosis of psychosis, NOS, admitted with catatonia.,DIAGNOSES:,AXIS I:  Psychosis, NOS.,AXIS II:  Deferred.,AXIS III:  Dehydration.,AXIS IV:  Severe.,AXIS V:  10.,ESTIMATED LENGTH OF STAY: , 10 to 14 days.,RECOMMENDATIONS AND PLAN:,1.  Stabilize medically from the dehydration per internal medicine.,2.  Medications, milieu therapy to assist with re-compensation.
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DESCRIPTION: The patient was found by outpatient case manager to be unresponsive and incontinent of urine and feces at his father's home.

The situation involves a medical emergency where the patient is unresponsive and potentially suffering from severe dehydration and catatonia, possibly due to psychosis. The lack of responsiveness and severe decompensation require immediate medical intervention. The patient's unresponsiveness, incontinence, and signs of catatonia are critical medical concerns. Additionally, the inability to gather comprehensive medical history due to the patient's condition increases the stakes, as unknown medical issues could complicate treatment. Thus, the situation is high-stakes given the potential for severe health outcomes without prompt treatment.


Medical Specialty: Neurology
Sample Name: MRI Brain - SLE & Stroke

CC:, Episodic monocular blindness, OS.,HX:, This 29 y/o RHF was in her usual healthy state until 2 months prior to her 3/11/96 presentation when she developed episodic arthralgias of her knees and ankles, bilaterally. On 3/3/96, she experienced sudden onset monocular blindness, OS, lasting 5-10 minutes in duration. Her vision "greyed out" from the periphery to center of her visual field, OS; and during some episodes progressed to complete blindness (not even light perception). This resolved within a few minutes. She had multiple episodes of vision loss, OS, every day until 3/7/96 when she was placed on heparin for suspected LICA dissection. She saw a local ophthalmologist on 3/4/96 and was told she had a normal funduscopic exam. She experienced 0-1 spell of blindness (OS) per day from 3/7/96 to 3/11/96. In addition, she complained of difficulty with memory since 3/7/96. She denied dysarthria, aphasia or confusion, but had occasional posterior neck and bioccipital-bitemporal headaches.,She had no history of deep venous or arterial thrombosis.,3/4/96, ESR=123. HCT with and without contrast on 3/7/96 and 3/11/96, and Carotid Duplex scan were "unremarkable." Rheumatoid factor=normal. 3-vessel cerebral angiogram (done locally) was reportedly "unremarkable.",She was thought to have temporal arteritis and underwent Temporal Artery biopsy (which was unremarkable), She received Prednisone 80 mg qd for 2 days prior to presentation.,On admission she complained of a left temporal headache at the biopsy site, but no loss of vision or weakness,She had been experiencing mild fevers and chills for several weeks prior to presentation. Furthermore, she had developed cyanosis of the distal #3 toes on feet, and numbness and rash on the lateral aspect of her left foot. She developed a malar rash on her face 1-2 weeks prior to presentation.,MEDS:, Depo-Provera, Prednisone 80mg qd, and Heparin IV.,PMH:, 1)Headaches for 3-4 years, 2)Heart murmur, 3) cryosurgery of cervix, 4)tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, 5) elective abortion. She had no history of spontaneous miscarriage and had used oral birth control pill for 10 years prior to presentation.,FHX:, Migraine headaches on maternal side, including her mother. No family history of thrombosis.,SHX:, works as a metal grinder and was engaged to be married. She denied any tobacco or illicit drug use. She consumed 1 alcoholic drink per month.,EXAM: ,BP147/74, HR103, RR14, 37.5C.,MS: A&O to person, place and time. Speech was fluent without dysarthria. Repetition, naming and comprehension were intact. 2/3 recall at 2 minutes.,CN: unremarkable.,Motor: unremarkable.,Coord: unremarkable.,Sensory: decreased LT, PP, TEMP, along the lateral aspect of the left foot.,Gait: narrow-based and able to TT, HW and TW without difficulty.,Station: unremarkable.,Reflexes: 2/2 throughout. Plantar responses were flexor, bilaterally.,Skin: Cyanosis of the distal #3 toes on both feet. There was a reticular rash about the lateral aspect of her left foot. There were splinter-type hemorrhages under the fingernails of both hands.,COURSE: ,  ESR=108 (elevated), Hgb 11.3, Hct 33%, WBC 10.0, Plt 148k, MCV 92 (low) Cr 1.3, BUN 26, CXR and EKG were unremarkable. PTT 42 (elevated). PT normal. The rest of the GS and CBC were normal. Dilute Russell Viper venom time was elevated at 27 and a 1:1 prothrombin time mix corrected to only 36.,She was admitted to the Neurology service. Blood cultures were drawn and were negative. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography on 3/12/96 was unremarkable.,Her symptoms and elevated PTT suggested an ischemic syndrome involving anticardiolipin antibody and/or lupus anticoagulant. Her signs of rash and cyanosis suggested SLE. ANA was positive at 1:640 (speckled), RF (negative), dsDNA, 443 (elevated). Serum cryoglobulins were positive at 1% (fractionation data lost). Serum RPR was positive, but FTA-ABS was negative (thereby confirming a false-positive RPR). Anticardiolipin antibodies IgM and IgG were positive at 56.1 and 56.3 respectively. Myeloperoxidase antibody was negative, ANCA was negative and hepatitis screen unremarkable.,The Dermatology Service felt the patient's reticular foot rash was livedo reticularis. Rheumatology felt the patient met criteria for SLE. Hematology felt the patient met criteria for Anticardiolipin Antibody and/or Lupus anticoagulant Syndrome. Neurology felt the episodic blindness was secondary to thromboembolic events.,Serum Iron studies revealed: FeSat 6, Serum Fe 15, TIBC 237, Reticulocyte count 108.5. The patient was placed on FeSO4 225mg tid.,She was continued on heparin IV, but despite this she continued to have occasional episodes of left monocular blindness or "gray outs" up to 5 times per day. She was seen by the Neuro-ophthalmology Service. The did not think she had evidence of vasculitis in her eye. They recommended treatment with ASA 325mg bid. She was placed on this 3/15/96 and tapered off heparin. She continued to have 0-4 episodes of monocular blindness (OS) for 5-10 seconds per episodes. She was discharged home.,She returned 3/29/96 for episodic diplopia lasting 5-10 minutes per episode. The episodes began on 3/27/96. During the episodes her left eye deviated laterally while the right eye remained in primary gaze. She had no prior history of diplopia or strabismus. Hgb 10.1, Hct 30%, WBC 5.2, MCV 89 (low), Plt 234k. ESR 113mm/hr. PT 12, PTT 45 (high). HCT normal. MRI brain, 3/30/96, revealed a area of increased signal on T2 weighted images in the right frontal lobe white matter. This was felt to represent a thromboembolic event. She was place on heparin IV and treated with Solu-Medrol 125mg IV q12 hours. ASA was discontinued. Hematology, Rheumatology and Neurology agreed to place her on Warfarin. She was placed on Prednisone 60mg qd following the Solu-Medrol. She continued to have transient diplopia and mild vertigo despite INR's of 2.0-2.2. ASA 81mg qd was added to her regimen. In addition, Rheumatology recommended Plaquenil 200mg bid. The neurologic symptoms decreased gradually over the ensuing 3 days. Warfarin was increased to achieve INR 2.5-3.5.,She reported no residual symptoms or new neurologic events on her 5/3/96 Neurology Clinic follow-up visit. She continues to be event free on Warfarin according to her Hematology Clinic notes up to 12/96.
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DESCRIPTION: MRI Brain - Right frontal white matter infarct in patient with Anticardiolipin antibody syndrome and SLE.

The situation involves a 29-year-old female patient experiencing complex neurological symptoms, including episodic monocular blindness and diplopia, alongside a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome. These conditions carry a risk of thromboembolic events, as evidenced by the MRI findings of a right frontal white matter infarct. The management of such conditions requires careful monitoring and adjustment of anticoagulation therapy to prevent further complications, making the stakes high due to the potential for serious, life-threatening outcomes such as stroke. Immediate and effective treatment is critical, heightening the stakes of the situation.


Medical Specialty: Gastroenterology
Sample Name: Pancreatic Mass - Discharge Summary

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: ,  The patient is a 48-year-old man who has had abdominal pain since October of last year associated with a 30-pound weight loss and then developed jaundice.  He had epigastric pain and was admitted to the hospital.  A thin-slice CT scan was performed, which revealed a 4 x 3 x 2 cm pancreatic mass with involved lymph nodes and ring enhancing lesions consistent with liver metastases.  The patient, additionally, had a questionable pseudocyst in the tail of the pancreas.  The patient underwent ERCP on 04/04/2007 with placement of a stent.  This revealed a strictured pancreatic duct, as well as strictured bile duct.  A 10-french x 9 cm stent was placed with good drainage.  The next morning, the patient felt quite a bit more comfortable.  He additionally had a modest drop in his bilirubin and other liver tests.  Of note, the patient has been having quite a bit of nausea during his admission.  This responded to Zofran.  It did not, initially, respond well to Phenergan, though after stent placement, he was significantly more comfortable and had less nausea, and in fact, had better response to the Phenergan itself.  At the time of discharge, the patient's white count was 9.4, hemoglobin 10.8, hematocrit 32 with a MCV of 79, platelet count of 585,000.  His sodium was 132, potassium 4.1, chloride 95, CO2 27, BUN of 8 with a creatinine of 0.3.  His bilirubin was 17.1, alk phos 273, AST 104, ALT 136, total protein 7.8 and albumin of 3.8.  He was tolerating a regular diet.  The patient had been on oral hypoglycemics as an outpatient, but in hospital, he was simply managed with an insulin sliding scale.  The patient will be transferred back to Pelican Bay, under the care of Dr. X at the infirmary.  He will be further managed for his diabetes there.  The patient will additionally undergo potential end of life meetings.  I discussed the potentials of chemotherapy with patient.  Certainly, there are modest benefits, which can be obtained with chemotherapy in metastatic pancreatic cancer, though at some cost with morbidity.  The patient will consider this and will discuss this further with Dr. X.  ,DISCHARGE MEDICATIONS:,1.  Phenergan 25 mg q.6. p.r.n.,2.  Duragesic patch 100 mcg q.3.d.,3.  Benadryl 25-50 mg p.o. q.i.d. for pruritus.,4.  Sliding scale will be discontinued at the time of discharge and will be reinstituted on arrival at Pelican Bay Infirmary.,5.  The patient had initially been on enalapril here.  His hypertension will be managed by Dr. X as well.  ,PLAN: , The patient should return for repeat ERCP if there are signs of stent occlusion such as fever, increased bilirubin, worsening pain.  In the meantime, he will be kept on a regular diet and activity per Dr. X.
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DESCRIPTION: The patient has had abdominal pain associated with a 30-pound weight loss and then developed jaundice.  He had epigastric pain and was admitted to the hospital.  A thin-slice CT scan was performed, which revealed a pancreatic mass with involved lymph nodes and ring enhancing lesions consistent with liver metastases.

gastroenterology, abdominal pain, lymph nodes, weight loss, pancreatic mass, chemotherapy, abdominal, bilirubin, phenergan, stent, drainage,

The situation involves a patient with metastatic pancreatic cancer, indicated by a pancreatic mass with liver metastases. The patient has significant symptoms and has undergone procedures like ERCP to manage complications. The mention of potential end-of-life meetings underscores the critical nature of the condition. Given the life-threatening diagnosis and discussion about end-of-life care, the scenario is definitely high-stakes.


Medical Specialty: Office Notes
Sample Name: Normal Newborn Infant Physical Exam

GENERAL: , A well-developed infant in no acute respiratory distress.,VITAL SIGNS:  ,Initial temperature was XX, pulse XX, respirations XX.  Weight XX grams, length XX cm, head circumference XX cm.,HEENT:  ,Head is normocephalic with anterior fontanelle open, soft, and non-bulging.  Eyes:  Red reflex elicited bilaterally.  TMs occluded with vernix and not well visualized.  Nose and throat are patent without palatal defect.,NECK: , Supple without clavicular fracture.,LUNGS:,  Clear to auscultation.,HEART:,  Regular rate without murmur, click, or gallop present.  Pulses are 2/4 for brachial and femoral.,ABDOMEN:,  Soft with bowel sounds present.  No masses or organomegaly.,GENITALIA: , Normal.,EXTREMITIES: , Without evidence of hip defects.,NEUROLOGIC:  ,The infant has good Moro, grasp, and suck reflexes.,SKIN: , Warm and dry without evidence of rash.
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DESCRIPTION: Normal newborn infant physical exam.  A well-developed infant in no acute respiratory distress.

office notes, fontanelle, normocephalic, newborn infant, physical exam, acute respiratory, newborn, respiratory, distress, head, infant,

The situation involves recording a normal physical exam of a newborn, indicating the infant is in good health without any medical emergencies or concerns. It's a routine check-up with no acute issues noted.


Medical Specialty: Discharge Summary
Sample Name: Discharge Summary - 7

REASON FOR ADMISSION: , Fever of unknown origin.,HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: , The patient is a 39-year-old woman with polymyositis/dermatomyositis on methotrexate once a week.  The patient has also been on high-dose prednisone for an urticarial rash.  The patient was admitted because of persistent high fevers without a clear-cut source of infection.  She had been having temperatures of up to 103 for 8-10 days.  She had been seen at Alta View Emergency Department a week prior to admission.  A workup there including chest x-ray, blood cultures, and a transthoracic echocardiogram had all remained nondiagnostic, and were normal.  Her chest x-ray on that occasion was normal.  After the patient was seen in the office on August 10, she persisted with high fevers and was admitted on August 11 to Cottonwood Hospital.  Studies done at Cottonwood:  CT scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.  Results:  CT chest showed mild bibasilar pleural-based interstitial changes.  These were localized to mid and lower lung zones.  The process was not diffuse.  There was no ground glass change.  CT abdomen and pelvis was normal.  Infectious disease consultation was obtained.  Dr. XYZ saw the patient.  He ordered serologies for CMV including a CMV blood PCR.  Next serologies for EBV, Legionella, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Coccidioides, and cryptococcal antigen, and a PPD.  The CMV serology came back positive for IgM.  The IgG was negative.  The CMV blood PCR was positive, as well.  Other serologies and her PPD stayed negative.  Blood cultures stayed negative.,In view of the positive CMV, PCR, and the changes in her CAT scan, the patient was taken for a bronchoscopy.  BAL and transbronchial biopsies were performed.  The transbronchial biopsies did not show any evidence of pneumocystis, fungal infection, AFB.  There was some nonspecific interstitial fibrosis, which was minimal.  I spoke with the pathologist, Dr. XYZ and immunopathology was done to look for CMV.  The patient had 3 nucleoli on the biopsy specimens that stained positive and were consistent with CMV infection.  The patient was started on ganciclovir once her CMV serologies had come back positive.  No other antibiotic therapy was prescribed.  Next, the patient's methotrexate was held.,A chest x-ray prior to discharge showed some bibasilar disease, showing interstitial infiltrates.  The patient was given ibuprofen and acetaminophen during her hospitalization, and her fever resolved with these measures.,On the BAL fluid cell count, the patient only had 5 WBCs and 5 RBCs on the differential.  It showed 43% neutrophils, 45% lymphocytes.,Discussions were held with Dr. XYZ, Dr. XYZ, her rheumatologist, and with pathology.,DISCHARGE DIAGNOSES:,1.  Disseminated CMV infection with possible CMV pneumonitis.,2.  Polymyositis on immunosuppressive therapy (methotrexate and prednisone).,DISCHARGE MEDICATIONS:,1.  The patient is going to go on ganciclovir 275 mg IV q.12 h. for approximately 3 weeks.,2.  Advair 100/50, 1 puff b.i.d.,3.  Ibuprofen p.r.n. and Tylenol p.r.n. for fever, and will continue her folic acid.,4.  The patient will not restart for methotrexate for now.,She is supposed to follow up with me on August 22, 2007 at 1:45 p.m.  She is also supposed to see Dr. XYZ in 2 weeks, and Dr. XYZ in 2-3 weeks.  She also has an appointment to see an ophthalmologist in about 10 days' time.  This was a prolonged discharge, more than 30 minutes were spent on discharging this patient.
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DESCRIPTION: Patient with fever of unknown origin.

Patient with fever of unknown origin.

discharge summary, fever of unknown origin, blood cultures, transbronchial biopsies, infection, cmv, admission, illness, interstitial, fever, serologies, chest, nondiagnostic, methotrexate

This discharge summary details a complex medical case involving a 39-year-old woman who was admitted with persistent high fevers and subsequently diagnosed with disseminated CMV infection and possible CMV pneumonitis. This situation involves a patient with a serious infection, an ongoing need for immunosuppressive therapy, and coordination among multiple specialists. The stakes are moderate because while the patient has been stabilized enough for discharge, the underlying conditions still require careful outpatient management to prevent complications, and the risk of morbidity could be significant if the infection isn't properly managed.