Medical Specialty: SOAP / Chart / Progress Notes
Sample Name: Sleep Apnea

REASON FOR VISIT: , Mr. ABC is a 30-year-old man who returns in followup of his still moderate-to-severe sleep apnea.  He returns today to review his response to CPAP.,HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: , The patient initially presented with loud obnoxious snoring that disrupted the sleep of his bed partner.  He was found to have moderate-to-severe sleep apnea (predominantly hypopnea), was treated with nasal CPAP at 10 cm H2O nasal pressure.  He has been on CPAP now for several months, and returns for followup to review his response to treatment.,The patient reports that the CPAP has limited his snoring at night.  Occasionally, his bed partner wakes him in the middle of the night, when the mask comes off, and reminds him to replace the mask.  The patient estimates that he uses the CPAP approximately 5 to 7 nights per week, and on occasion takes it off and does not replace the mask when he awakens spontaneously in the middle of the night.,The patient's sleep pattern consists of going to bed between 11:00 and 11:30 at night and awakening between 6 to 7 a.m. on weekdays.  On weekends, he might sleep until 8 to 9 a.m.  On Saturday night, he might go to bed approximately mid night.,As noted, the patient is not snoring on CPAP.  He denies much tossing and turning and does not awaken with the sheets in disarray.  He awakens feeling relatively refreshed.,In the past few months, the patient has lost between 15 and 18 pounds in combination of dietary and exercise measures.,He continues to work at Smith Barney in downtown Baltimore.  He generally works from 8 to 8:30 a.m. until approximately 5 to 5:30 p.m.  He is involved in training purpose to how to sell managed funds and accounts.,The patient reports no change in daytime stamina.  He has no difficulty staying awake during the daytime or evening hours.,The past medical history is notable for allergic rhinitis.,MEDICATIONS: , He is maintained on Flonase and denies much in the way of nasal symptoms.,ALLERGIES: , Molds.,FINDINGS:  ,Vital signs:  Blood pressure 126/75, pulse 67, respiratory rate 16, weight 172 pounds, height 5 feet 9 inches, temperature 98.4 degrees and SaO2 is 99% on room air at rest.,The patient has adenoidal facies as noted previously.,Laboratories:  The patient forgot to bring his smart card in for downloading today.,ASSESSMENT: , Moderate-to-severe sleep apnea.  I have recommended the patient continue CPAP indefinitely.  He will be sending me his smart card for downloading to determine his CPAP usage pattern.  In addition, he will continue efforts to maintain his weight at current levels or below.  Should he succeed in reducing further, we might consider re-running a sleep study to determine whether he still requires a CPAP.,PLANS: , In the meantime, if it is also that the possible nasal obstruction is contributing to snoring and obstructive hypopnea.  I have recommended that a fiberoptic ENT exam be performed to exclude adenoidal tissue that may be contributing to obstruction.  He will be returning for routine followup in 6 months.
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DESCRIPTION: Followup of moderate-to-severe sleep apnea.  The patient returns today to review his response to CPAP.  Recommended a fiberoptic ENT exam to exclude adenoidal tissue that may be contributing to obstruction.

soap / chart / progress notes, daytime stamina, fiberoptic ent exam, moderate to severe, smart card, sleep apnea, cpap, apnea, sleep,

The patient in focus has moderate-to-severe sleep apnea, which is a condition that can have significant repercussions on health if left untreated. However, he is already receiving treatment with CPAP and experiencing improvements in symptoms like reduced snoring. There is no immediate life-threatening issue reported, and the patient is managing well with his lifestyle adjustments. The suggested actions, such as a possible fiberoptic ENT exam, are routine precautions rather than urgent treatments. Thus, the medical situation does not appear to be high-stakes.


You are an LLM as part of a medical assistant system, interacting with medical practitioners to improve efficiency.

Medical Specialty: Orthopedic
Sample Name: Neuroplasty

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,  ,1.  Recurrent intractable low back and left lower extremity pain with history of L4-L5 discectomy.,2.  Epidural fibrosis with nerve root entrapment.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,  ,1.  Recurrent intractable low back and left lower extremity pain with history of L4-L5 discectomy.,2.  Epidural fibrosis with nerve root entrapment.,OPERATION PERFORMED:,  Left L4-L5 transforaminal neuroplasty with nerve root decompression and lysis of adhesions followed by epidural steroid injection.,ANESTHESIA:,  Local/IV sedation.,COMPLICATIONS:,  None.,SUMMARY:  ,The patient in the operating room, status post transforaminal epidurogram (see operative note for further details).  Using AP and lateral fluoroscopic views to confirm the needle location the superior most being in the left L4 neural foramen and the inferior most in the left L5 neural foramen, 375 units of Wydase was injected through each needle.  After two minutes, 3.5 cc of 0.5% Marcaine and 80 mg of Depo-Medrol was injected through each needle.  These needles were removed and the patient was discharged in stable condition.
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DESCRIPTION: Left L4-L5 transforaminal neuroplasty with nerve root decompression and lysis of adhesions followed by epidural steroid injection.

orthopedic, nerve root decompression, discectomy, epidural fibrosis, nerve root entrapment, transforaminal neuroplasty, neural foramen, nerve root, foramen, neuroplasty, transforaminal, needle, epidural,

The situation involves a medical procedure, specifically a neuroplasty with nerve root decompression and lysis of adhesions, as well as an epidural steroid injection. While this is a serious medical procedure, it is not classified among the highest-stakes surgeries with immediate life-threatening risks. The document indicates that the procedure had no complications and that the patient was discharged in stable condition, suggesting it was routine and successfully managed. However, the stakes are higher than a non-medical scenario, given the potential for impacting patient mobility and pain management.

Filled in based on scale_labels and scale_label_confidence


Medical Specialty: Hematology - Oncology
Sample Name: Neck Dissection

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Metastatic papillary cancer, left neck.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Metastatic papillary cancer, left neck.,OPERATION PERFORMED: , Left neck dissection.,ANESTHESIA:  ,General endotracheal.,INDICATIONS: , The patient is a very nice gentleman, who has had thyroid cancer, papillary cell type, removed with a total thyroidectomy and then subsequently recurrent disease was removed with a paratracheal dissection.  He now has evidence of lesion in the left mid neck and the left superior neck on ultrasound, which are suspicious for recurrent cancer.  Left neck dissection is indicated.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION: , The patient was placed on the operating room table in the supine position.  After adequate general endotracheal anesthesia was administered, the table was then turned.  A shoulder roll placed under the shoulders and the face was placed in an extended fashion.  The left neck, chest, and face were prepped with Betadine and draped in a sterile fashion.  A hockey stick skin incision was performed, extending a previous incision line superiorly towards the mastoid cortex through skin, subcutaneous tissue and platysma with Bovie electrocautery on cut mode.  Subplatysmal superior and inferior flaps were raised.  The dissection was left lateral neck dissection encompassing zones 1, 2A, 2B, 3, and the superior portion of 4.  The sternocleidomastoid muscle was unwrapped at its fascial attachment and this was taken back posterior to the XI cranial nerve into the superior posterior most triangle of the neck.  This was carried forward off of the deep rooted muscles including the splenius capitis and anterior and middle scalenes taken medially off of these muscles including the fascia of the muscles, stripped from the carotid artery, the X cranial nerve, the internal jugular vein and then carried anteriorly to the lateral most extent of the dissection previously done by Dr. X in the paratracheal region.  The submandibular gland was removed as well.  The X, XI, and XII cranial nerves were preserved.  The internal jugular vein and carotid artery were preserved as well.  Copious irrigation of the wound bed showed no identifiable bleeding at the termination of the procedure.  There were two obviously positive nodes in this neck dissection.  One was left medial neck just lateral to the previous tracheal dissection and one was in the mid region of zone 2.  A #10 flat fluted Blake drain was placed through a separate stab incision and it was secured to the skin with a 2-0 silk ligature.  The wound was closed in layers using a 3-0 Vicryl in a buried knot interrupted fashion for the subcutaneous tissue and the skin was closed with staples.  A fluff and Kling pressure dressing was then applied.  The patient was extubated in the operating room, brought to the recovery room in satisfactory condition.  There were no intraoperative complications.
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DESCRIPTION: Left neck dissection.   Metastatic papillary cancer, left neck.  The patient had thyroid cancer, papillary cell type, removed with a total thyroidectomy and then subsequently recurrent disease was removed with a paratracheal dissection.

hematology - oncology, metastatic papillary cancer, thyroidectomy, thyroid cancer, papillary cell type, dissection, neck, metastatic, paratracheal, papillary, cancer

The procedure being described, a left neck dissection due to metastatic papillary thyroid cancer, is considered high-stakes due to several factors: it involves major surgical intervention to remove potentially life-threatening cancer and prevent further metastasis. The risk of complications, the involvement of critical structures in the neck (cranial nerves, internal jugular vein, carotid artery), and the patient's history of recurrent thyroid cancer add to the stakes of ensuring successful outcomes and minimizing postoperative risks.


Medical Specialty: Dermatology
Sample Name: Skin Biopsy

PROCEDURE:  ,The site was cleaned with antiseptic.  A local anesthetic (2% lidocaine) was given at each site.  A 3 mm punch biopsy was performed in the left calf and left thigh, above the knee.  The site was then checked for bleeding.  Once hemostasis was achieved, a local antibiotic was placed and the site was bandaged.,The patient was not on any anticoagulant medications.  There were also no other medications which would affect the ability to conduct the skin biopsy.  The patient was further instructed to keep the site completely dry for the next 24 hours, after which a new Band-Aid and antibiotic ointment should be applied to the area.  They were further instructed to avoid getting the site dirty or infected.  The patient completed the procedure without any complications and was discharged home.,The biopsy will be sent for analysis.,The patient will follow up with Dr. X within the next two weeks to review her results.
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DESCRIPTION: The skin biopsy was performed on the right ankle and right thigh.  The patient was consented for skin biopsy.  The complications, instructions as to how the procedure will be performed, and postoperative instructions were given to the patient.

dermatology, antiseptic, local anesthetic, hemostasis, punch biopsy, band-aid, skin biopsyNOTE,: Thesetranscribed medical transcription sample reports and examples are provided by various users andare for reference purpose only. MTHelpLine does not certify accuracy and quality of sample reports.These transcribed medical transcription sample reports may include some uncommon or unusual formats;this would be due to the preference of the dictating physician. All names and dates have beenchanged (or removed) to keep confidentiality. Any resemblance of any type of name or date orplace or anything else to real world is purely incidental.

A skin biopsy is a routine dermatological procedure and although it requires medical attention, it is not typically considered high-stakes. Complications are generally rare and minor, and the post-procedure instructions are straightforward. The patient's well-being is monitored through follow-up with the doctor. The situation is important for diagnosis but not life-threatening or risky in terms of immediate health concerns.


Medical Specialty: General Medicine
Sample Name: Blood In Toilet

CHIEF COMPLAINT:  ,Blood in toilet.,HISTORY: , Ms. ABC is a 77-year-old female who is brought down by way of ambulance from XYZ Nursing Home after nursing staff had noted there to be blood in the toilet after she had been sitting on the toilet.  They did not note any urine or stool in the toilet and the patient had no acute complaints.  The patient is unfortunately a poor historian in that she has dementia and does not recall any of the events.  The patient herself has absolutely no complaints, such as abdominal pain or back pain, urinary and GI complaints.  There is no other history provided by the nursing staff from XYZ.  There apparently were no clots noted within there.  She does not have a history of being on anticoagulants.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: , Actually quite limited, includes that of dementia, asthma, anemia which is chronic, hypothyroidism, schizophrenia, positive PPD in the past.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY:  ,Unknown.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , No tobacco or alcohol.,MEDICATIONS: , Listed in the medical records.,ALLERGIES:,  No known drug allergies.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: , VITAL SIGNS:  Stable.,GENERAL:  This is a well-nourished, well-developed female who is alert, oriented in all spheres, pleasant, cooperative, resting comfortably, appearing otherwise healthy and well in no acute distress.,HEENT:  Visually normal.  Pupils are reactive.  TMs, canals, nasal mucosa, and oropharynx are intact.,NECK:  No lymphadenopathy or JVD.,HEART:  Regular rate and rhythm.  S1, S2.  No murmurs, gallops, or rubs.,LUNGS:  Clear to auscultation.  No wheeze, rales, or rhonchi.,ABDOMEN:  Benign, flat, soft, nontender, and nondistended.  Bowel sounds active.  No organomegaly or mass noted.,GU/RECTAL:  External rectum was normal.  No obvious blood internally.  There is no stool noted within the vault.  There is no gross amount of blood noted within the vault.  Guaiac was done and was trace positive.  Visual examination anteriorly during the rectal examination noted no blood within the vaginal region.,EXTREMITIES:  No significant abnormalities.,WORKUP: , CT abdomen and pelvis was negative.  CBC was entirely within normal limits without any signs of anemia with an H and H of 14 and 42%.  CMP also within normal limits.  PTT, PT, and INR were normal.  Attempts at getting the patient to give A urine were unsuccessful and the patient was very noncompliant, would not allow us to do any kind of Foley catheterization.,ER COURSE:,  Uneventful.  I have discussed the patient in full with Dr. X who agrees that she does not require any further workup or evaluation as an inpatient.  We have decided to send the patient back to XYZ with observation by the staff there.  She will have a CBC done daily for the next 3 days with results to Dr. X.  They are to call him if there is any recurrences of blood or worsening of symptoms and they are to do a urinalysis at XYZ for blood.,ASSESSMENT: , Questionable gastrointestinal bleeding at this time, stable without any obvious signs otherwise of significant bleed.
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DESCRIPTION: Blood in toilet.  Questionable gastrointestinal bleeding at this time, stable without any obvious signs otherwise of significant bleed.

The situation involves an elderly patient with dementia found to have blood in the toilet, but without significant bleeding indicators upon examination. The lack of acute symptoms, normal vital signs, and normal CT and blood work suggest that the immediate risk is low. However, due to the patient's age, dementia, and the potential for underlying conditions that may not be immediately apparent (such as gastrointestinal bleeding), there is a moderate level of concern. The decision to return the patient to the nursing home with observation and further tests indicates a cautious approach but acknowledges that urgent intervention is not necessary at this point.


Medical Specialty: Surgery
Sample Name: Septoplasty & Turbinectomy

OPERATIVE DIAGNOSES: , Chronic sinusitis with deviated nasal septum and nasal obstruction and hypertrophied turbinates.,OPERATIONS PERFORMED: , Septoplasty with partial inferior middle turbinectomy with KTP laser, sinus endoscopy with maxillary antrostomies, removal of tissue, with septoplasty and partial ethmoidectomy bilaterally.,OPERATION: , The patient was taken to the operating room.  After adequate anesthesia via endotracheal intubation, the nose was prepped with Afrin nasal spray.  After this was done, 1% Xylocaine with 100,000 epinephrine was infiltrated in both sides of the septum and the mucoperichondrium.  After this, the sinus endoscope at 25-degrees was then used to examine the nasal cavity in the left nasal cavity and staying lateral to the middle turbinate.  A 45-degree forceps then used to open up the maxillary sinus.  There was some prominent tissue and just superior to this, the anterior ethmoid was opened.  The 45-degree forceps was then used to open the maxillary sinus ostium.  This was enlarged with backbiting rongeur.  After this was done, the tissue found in the ethmoid and maxillary sinus were removed and sent to pathology and labeled as left maxillary sinus mucosa.  After this was done, attention was then turned to the right nasal cavity staying laterally to the middle turbinate.  There was noted to have prominence in the anterior ethmoidal area.  This was then opened with 45-degree forceps.  This mucosa was then removed from the anterior area.  The maxillary sinus ostium was then opened with 45-degree forceps.  Tissue was removed from this area.  This was sent as right maxillary mucosa.  After this, the backbiting rongeur was then used to open up the ostium and enlarge the ostium on the right maxillary sinus.  Protecting the eyes with wet gauze and using KTP laser at 10 watts, the sinus endoscope was used for observation and the submucosal resection was done of both inferior turbinates as well as anterior portion of the middle turbinates bilaterally.  This was to open up to expose the maxillary ostium as well as other sinus ostium to minimize swelling and obstruction.  After this was completed, a septoplasty was performed.  The incision was made with a #15 blade Bard-Parker knife.  The flap was then elevated, overlying the spur that was protruding into the right nasal cavity.  This was excised with a #15 blade Bard-Parker knife.  The tissue was then laid back in position.  After this was laid back in position, the nasal cavity was irrigated with saline solution, suctioned well as well as the oropharynx.  , ,Surgicel with antibiotic ointment was placed in each nostril and sutured outside the nose with 3-0 nylon.  The patient was then awakened and taken to recovery room in good condition.
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DESCRIPTION: Septoplasty with partial inferior middle turbinectomy with KTP laser, sinus endoscopy with maxillary antrostomies, removal of tissue, with septoplasty and partial ethmoidectomy bilaterally.

surgery, sinusitis, ktp laser, septoplasty, deviated, endoscopy, ethmoidectomy, hypertrophied, maxillary, nasal obstruction, nasal septum, sinus, turbinates, turbinectomy, partial ethmoidectomy, parker knife, sinus ostium, nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, ktp, mucosa, cavity, forceps, antrostomies, ostium, nasal

The situation involves a surgical procedure conducted to correct issues with chronic sinusitis, nasal obstruction, hypertrophied turbinates, and a deviated nasal septum. While septoplasty and related procedures are generally considered routine ENT (Ear, Nose, and Throat) surgeries, they still carry standard surgical risks such as infection, bleeding, or anesthesia complications. Moreover, surgery is inherently high-stakes due to the invasive nature and potential impact on a patient's health and recovery. Nonetheless, these types of procedures are quite common and typically have a high success rate with relatively low risk of major complications when performed by experienced professionals.


Medical Specialty: General Medicine
Sample Name: Foreign Body - Fingernail

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:,  Patient is a 72-year-old white male complaining of a wooden splinter lodged beneath his left fifth fingernail, sustained at 4 p.m. yesterday.  He attempted to remove it with tweezers at home, but was unsuccessful.  He is requesting we attempt to remove this for him.,The patient believes it has been over 10 years since his last tetanus shot, but states he has been allergic to previous immunizations primarily with "horse serum."  Consequently, he has declined to update his tetanus immunization.,MEDICATIONS: , He is currently on several medications, a list of which is attached to the chart, and was reviewed.  He is not on any blood thinners.,ALLERGIES: , HE IS ALLERGIC ONLY TO TETANUS SERUM.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , Patient is married and is a nonsmoker and lives with his wife.  ,Nursing notes were reviewed with which I agree.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION,VITAL SIGNS:  Temp and vital signs are all within normal limits.,GENERAL:  The patient is a pleasant elderly white male who is sitting on the stretcher in no acute distress.,EXTREMITIES:  Exam of the left fifth finger shows a 5- to 6-mm splinter lodged beneath the medial aspect of the nail plate.  It does not protrude beyond the end of the nail plate.  There is no active bleeding.  There is no edema or erythema of the digit tip.  Flexion and extension of the DIP joint is intact.  The remainder of the hand is unremarkable.,TREATMENT: , I did attempt to grasp the end of the splinter with splinter forceps, but it is brittle and continues to break off.  In order to better grasp the splinter, will require penetration beneath the nail plate, which the patient cannot tolerate due to pain.  Consequently, the base of the digit tip was prepped with Betadine, and just distal to the DIP joint, a digital block was applied with 1% lidocaine with complete analgesia of the digit tip.  I was able to grasp the splinter and remove this.  No further foreign body was seen beneath the nail plate and the area was cleansed and dressed with bacitracin and bandage.,ASSESSMENT: , Foreign body of the left fifth fingernail (wooden splinter).,PLAN: , Patient was urged to clean the area b.i.d. with soap and water and to dress with bacitracin and a Band-Aid.  If he notes increasing redness, pain, or swelling, he was urged to return for re-evaluation.
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DESCRIPTION: Foreign body of the left fifth fingernail (wooden splinter).  He attempted to remove it with tweezers at home, but was unsuccessful.  He is requesting we attempt to remove this for him.

general medicine, horse serum, wooden splinter, foreign body, nail plate, grasp, fingernail, splinter,

The situation involves the removal of a wooden splinter from a fingernail, which is a common minor injury. The main medical concern is the patient's allergic reaction to tetanus serum, leading to not updating his immunizations. This can be a concern if the splinter causes an infection or if the patient had other complications, but currently, the wound is clean and no signs of infection are present. The situation has been resolved with standard medical procedures, and instructions were given for monitoring the injury. While there is a slight risk due to the patient's allergic history, the overall situation is low-stakes as the injury is minor and effectively treated.


Medical Specialty: Urology
Sample Name: Prostate Adenocarcinoma

ADMISSION DIAGNOSIS:  ,Adenocarcinoma of the prostate.,HISTORY:,  The patient is a 71-year-old male whose personal physician, Dr. X identified a change in the patient's PSA from 7/2008 (4.2) to 4/2009 (10.5).  The patient underwent a transrectal ultrasound and biopsy and was found to have a Gleason 3+4 for a score of 7, 20% of the tissue removed from the left base.  The patient also had Gleason 6 in the right lobe, midportion, as well as the left apical portion.  He underwent a bone scan which was normal and cystoscopy which was normal and renal ultrasound that was normal.,SURGICAL HISTORY: , Appendectomy.,MEDICAL HISTORY:,  Atrial fibrillation.,MEDICATIONS:,  Coumadin and lisinopril.,SOCIAL HISTORY:  ,Smokes none.  Alcohol none.,ALLERGIES:,  NONE.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: , The patient relates no recent weight gain, weight loss, night sweats, fevers or chills.  Eyes:  No change in vision or diplopia.  Ears:  No tinnitus or vertigo.  Mouth:  No dysphagia.  Pulmonary:  No chronic cough or shortness of breath.  Cardiac:  No angina or palpitations.  GI:  No nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation.  Musculoskeletal:  No arthritides or myalgias.  Hematopoietic:  No easy bleeding or bruising.  Skin:  No chronic ulcers or persistent itch.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:,GENERAL:  The patient is well developed and well nourished.,HEENT:  Head is normocephalic.  Eyes, pupils are equal.  Conjunctivae are pink.  Sclerae are anicteric.,NECK:  There is no adenopathy.,PULMONARY:  Respirations are unlabored.,HEART:  Regular rhythm.,ABDOMEN:  Liver, spleen, kidney, and bladder are not palpable.  There are no discernible masses.  There are no peritoneal signs.,GENITALIA:  The penis has no plaques.  Meatus is on the glans.  Scrotal skin is healthy.  Testicles are fair consistency.  Epididymides are nontender.,RECTAL:  The prostate is +1 to 2/4.  There are no areas that are suspicious for tumor.  Consistency is even.  Sidewalls are sharp.  Seminal vesicles are not palpable.,MUSCULOSKELETAL:  The upper and lower extremities are symmetric bilaterally.,NEUROLOGIC:  There are no gross focal neurologic abnormalities.,IMPRESSION:,1.  Adenocarcinoma of the prostate.,2.  Atrial fibrillation.,PLAN: , The patient's wife and I have discussed his treatment options, which include primarily radiation and surgery.  He has _________ surviving prostate cancer by Dr. Y.  He is aware of incontinency, both total and partial.  We discussed erectile dysfunction.  We have discussed bleeding, infection, injury to the rectum, injury to vessels and nerves, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, MI, stroke, and death.  He had no questions at the conclusion of the conversation and he does know that in his age group, though a nerve-sparing procedure will be performed, preserving any erectile function is highly unlikely.  He had no questions at the conclusion of our last conversation.
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DESCRIPTION: Adenocarcinoma of the prostate.  The patient underwent a transrectal ultrasound and biopsy and was found to have a Gleason 3+4 for a score of 7, 20% of the tissue removed from the left base.

The case involves a diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma in a 71-year-old male. This is a significant diagnosis given the potential implications for the patient's health and quality of life. The Gleason score of 7 indicates a moderately aggressive cancer, which requires prompt and effective treatment to prevent progression and complications. Treatment options like surgery and radiation come with potential risks, including incontinence and erectile dysfunction, especially since it's noted that preserving erectile function is highly unlikely in his age group. All these factors, combined with potential complications and the necessity to manage the patient's existing conditions such as atrial fibrillation, elevate the stakes of medical decision-making in this scenario.


Medical Specialty: Consult - History and Phy.
Sample Name: Sleepiness - Consult

CHIEF COMPLAINT: , Severe back pain and sleepiness.,The patient is not a good historian and history was obtained from the patient's husband at bedside.,HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:  ,The patient is a 76-year-old obese Caucasian female with past medical conditions that includes hypertension, history of urinary incontinence, dementia, and chronic back pain, basically brought by the husband to the emergency room because of having excruciating back pain.  As per the husband, the patient has this back pain for about almost 1 year and seeing Dr. X in Neurosurgery and had an epidural injection x2, and then the patient's pain somewhat got better between, but last time the patient went to see Dr. X, the patient given injection and the patient passed out, so the doctor stopped giving any other epidural injection.  The patient has severe pain and all in all, the patient cries at home.  As per the husband, the patient woke up in the morning with severe pain, unable to eat, drink today, and crying in the morning, so brought her to the emergency room for further evaluation.  The patient denied any history of fever, cough, chest pain, diarrhea, dysuria or polyuria.  While I was examining the patient, the patient explained about possible diagnosis and treatment plan and possible nursing home discharge for pain control.  The patient passed out for about 3 to 4 minutes, unable to respond to even painful stimuli.  The patient's heart rate went down to 50s and blood pressure was 92 systolic, so the patient was later on given IV fluid and blood pressure checked.  The patient woke up after 5 to 6 minutes, so the patient was later on evaluated for admission because of near syncopal episode.,PAST MEDICAL CONDITIONS:,  Include hypertension, dementia, urinary incontinence, chronic back pain, and degenerative joint disease of the spine.  No history of diabetes, stroke or coronary artery disease.,SURGICAL HISTORY: , Include left total hip replacement many years ago, history of hysterectomy, and appendectomy in the young age.,ALLERGIES: , DENIED.,CURRENT MEDICATIONS: , According to the list shows the patient takes hydrocodone 10/325 mg every 6 hours, Flexeril 10 mg p.o. at bedtime, and Xanax 0.25 mg p.o. 4 times a day.  The patient also takes Neurontin 200 mg 3 times a day, propranolol 10 mg twice a day, oxybutynin 5 mg p.o. twice a day, Namenda 10 mg p.o. daily, and Aricept 10 mg p.o. daily.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , She lives with her husband, usually walks with a walker and wheelchair-bound, does not walk much as per the husband knows.  No history of alcohol abuse or smoking.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:,GENERAL:  Currently lying in the bed without apparent distress, very lethargic.,VITAL SIGNS:  Pulse rate of 55, blood pressure is 92/52, after IV fluid came up to 105/58.,CHEST:  Shows bilateral air entry present, clear to auscultate.,HEART:  S1 and S2 regular.,ABDOMEN:  Soft, nondistended, and nontender.,EXTREMITIES:  Shows the patient's straight leg raising to be only up to 30% causing the patient severe back pain.,IMAGING: , The patient's x-ray of the lumbosacral spine done shows there is a L1 compression fracture with some osteophyte formation in the lumbar spine suggestive of degenerative joint disease.,LABORATORY DATA: , The patient's lab test is not done currently, but previous lab test done in 3/2009 seems to be in acceptable range.,IMPRESSION: , The patient, because of near syncopal episode and polypharmacy, almost passed out for about 3 to 4 minutes in front of me with a low blood pressure.,1.  Vasovagal syncope versus polypharmacy because of 3 to 4 medications and muscle relaxants.,2.  Osteoporosis of the spine with L1 compression fracture causing the patient severe pain.,3.  Hypertension, now hypotension.,4.  Incontinence of the bladder.,5.  Dementia, most likely Alzheimer type.,PLAN AND SUGGESTION: , Initial plan was to send the patient to the nursing home, but because of the patient's low blood pressure and heart rate low, we will admit the patient to DOU for 23-hour observation, start the patient on IV fluid, normal saline, 20 mEq KCl, and Protonix 40 mg, and we will also continue the patient's Namenda and Aricept.  I will hold the patient's hydrocodone.  I will hold the Flexeril and I will also hold gabapentin at this moment.  We will give the patient's pain control with Percocet and very minimal morphine sulfate as needed.  Also give the patient calcium with vitamin D and physical therapy.  We will also order a blood test and further management will be based on the patient's all test results.  I also explained to the husband that tomorrow if the patient is better and more alert and awake, then we will send her to the nursing care versus home, it depends on the pain control.
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DESCRIPTION: Severe back pain and sleepiness.  The patient, because of near syncopal episode and polypharmacy, almost passed out for about 3 to 4 minutes with a low blood pressure.

This medical situation is high-stakes due to the patient's complex and severe medical issues, including a near-syncopal episode, hypotension, and uncontrolled severe back pain. The patient’s age, multiple chronic conditions, need for hospitalization and constant monitoring, and the potential complications from her existing medication regimen (polypharmacy) add to the urgency and complexity of her case. Her condition requires immediate medical attention to prevent potential deteriorations including serious injury, confusion, or other complications.


Medical Specialty: Consult - History and Phy.
Sample Name: Gen Med Consult - 50

CHIEF COMPLAINT: , Abdominal pain.,HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: , This is an 86-year-old female who is a patient of Dr. X, who was transferred from ABCD Home due to persistent abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, which started around 11:00 a.m. yesterday.  During evaluation in the emergency room, the patient was found to have a high amylase as well as lipase count and she is being admitted for management of acute pancreatitis.,PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:,  Significant for dementia of Alzheimer type, anxiety, osteoarthritis, and hypertension.,ALLERGIES: , THE PATIENT IS ALLERGIC TO POLLENS.,MEDICATIONS: , Include alprazolam 0.5 mg b.i.d. p.r.n., mirtazapine 30 mg p.o. daily, Aricept 10 mg p.o. nightly, Namenda 10 mg p.o. b.i.d., Benicar 40 mg p.o. daily, and Claritin 10 mg daily p.r.n.,FAMILY HISTORY: , Not available.,PERSONAL HISTORY:  ,Not available.,SOCIAL HISTORY:  ,Not available.  The patient lives at a skilled nursing facility.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:  ,She has moderate-to-severe dementia and is unable to give any information about history or review of systems.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:,GENERAL:  She is awake and alert, able to follow few simple commands, resting comfortably, does not appear to be in any acute distress.,VITAL SIGNS:  Temperature of 99.5, pulse 82, respirations 18, blood pressure of 150/68, and pulse ox is 90% on room air.,HEENT:  Atraumatic.  Pupils are equal and reactive to light.  Sclerae and conjunctivae are normal.  Throat without any pharyngeal inflammation or exudate.  Oral mucosa is normal.,NECK:  No jugular venous distention.  Carotids are felt normally.  No bruit appreciated.  Thyroid gland is not palpable.  There are no palpable lymph nodes in the neck or the supraclavicular region.,HEART:  S1 and S2 are heard normally.  No murmur appreciated.,LUNGS:  Clear to auscultation.,ABDOMEN:  Soft, diffusely tender.  No rebound or rigidity.  Bowel sounds are heard.  Most of the tenderness is located in the epigastric region.,EXTREMITIES:  Without any pedal edema, normal dorsalis pedis pulsations bilaterally.,BREASTS:  Normal.,BACK:  The patient does not have any decubitus or skin changes on her back.,LABS DONE AT THE TIME OF ADMISSION: , WBC of 24.3, hemoglobin and hematocrit 15.3 and 46.5, MCV 89.3, and platelet count of 236,000.  PT 10.9, INR 1.1, PTT of 22.  Urinalysis with positive nitrite, 5 to 10 wbc's, and 2+ bacteria.  Sodium 134, potassium 3.6, chloride 97, bicarbonate 27, calcium 8.8, BUN 25, creatinine 0.9, albumin of 3.4, alkaline phosphatase 109, ALT 121, AST 166, amylase 1797, and lipase over 3000.  X-ray of abdomen shows essentially normal abdomen with possible splenic granulomas and degenerative spine changes.  CT of the abdomen revealed acute pancreatitis, cardiomegaly, and right lung base atelectasis.  Ultrasound of the abdomen revealed echogenic liver with fatty infiltration.  Repeat CBC from today showed white count to be 21.6, hemoglobin and hematocrit 13.9 and 41.1, platelet count is normal, 89% segments and 2% bands.  Sodium 132, potassium 4.0, chloride 98, bicarbonate 22, glucose 184, ALT 314, AST 382, amylase 918, and lipase 1331.  The cultures are pending at this time.  EKG shows sinus rhythm, rate about 90 per minute, multiple ventricular premature complexes are noted.  Troponin 0.004 and myoglobin is 39.6.,ASSESSMENT:,1.  Acute pancreatitis.,2.  Leukocytosis.,3.  Urinary tract infection.,4.  Hyponatremia.,5.  Dementia.,6.  Anxiety.,7.  History of hypertension.,8.  Abnormal electrocardiogram.,9.  Osteoarthrosis.,PLAN:,  Admit the patient to medical floor, NPO, IV antibiotics, IV fluids, hold p.o. medications, GI consult, pain control, Zofran IV p.r.n., bedrest, DVT prophylaxis, check blood and urine cultures.  I have left a message for the patient's son to call me back.
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DESCRIPTION: An 86-year-old female with persistent abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, during evaluation in the emergency room, was found to have a high amylase, as well as lipase count and she is being admitted for management of acute pancreatitis.

The situation involves an 86-year-old female with multiple health issues, including acute pancreatitis, high leukocyte count, and a urinary tract infection. She is also dealing with dementia, anxiety, and abnormal EKG results. Given her advanced age and multiple co-morbidities, this is a complex medical case requiring careful management. Pancreatitis can be life-threatening, especially in older patients with dementia who might not be able to communicate their symptoms effectively. The stakes are high due to the potential for complications and the need for immediate and intensive medical intervention.


Medical Specialty: Radiology
Sample Name: Dobutamine Stress Test

EXAM: , Dobutamine Stress Test.,INDICATION: , Chest pain.,TYPE OF TEST: , Dobutamine stress test, as the patient was unable to walk on a treadmill, and allergic to adenosine.,INTERPRETATION: , Resting heart rate of 66 and blood pressure of 88/45.  EKG, normal sinus rhythm.  Post dobutamine increment dose, his peak heart rate achieved was 125, which is 87% of the target heart rate.  Blood pressure 120/42.  EKG remained the same.  No symptoms were noted.,IMPRESSION:,1. Nondiagnostic dobutamine stress test.,2. Nuclear interpretation as below.,NUCLEAR INTERPRETATION: , Resting and stress images were obtained with 10.8, 30.2 mCi of tetrofosmin injected intravenously by standard protocol.  Nuclear myocardial perfusion scan demonstrates homogeneous and uniform distribution of the tracer uptake without any evidence of reversible or fixed defect.  Gated and SPECT revealed normal wall motion and ejection fraction of 75%.  End-diastolic volume was 57 and end-systolic volume of 12.,IMPRESSION:,1. Normal nuclear myocardial perfusion scan.,2. Ejection fraction of 75% by gated SPECT.
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DESCRIPTION: Dobutamine stress test for chest pain, as the patient was unable to walk on a treadmill, and allergic to adenosine.  Nondiagnostic dobutamine stress test.   Normal nuclear myocardial perfusion scan.

radiology, nuclear myocardial perfusion scan, dobutamine stress test, ejection fraction, myocardial perfusion, perfusion scan, dobutamine stress, stress test, myocardial, perfusion, nuclear, dobutamine, stress,

The patient underwent a dobutamine stress test due to chest pain and inability to perform an exercise stress test, with normal nuclear myocardial perfusion scan results and a high ejection fraction. Although the test is labeled non-diagnostic, the absence of reversible or fixed defects suggests no immediate identifiable cardiac issue. However, given that chest pain can indicate serious conditions like coronary artery disease, there is a moderate level of concern to further investigate and manage symptoms. Furthermore, the situation is initially considered significant due to the potential implications of chest pain, but the current findings do not suggest an urgent life-threatening condition.


Medical Specialty: Cardiovascular / Pulmonary
Sample Name: CABG x4

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES: , Progressive exertional angina, three-vessel coronary artery disease, left main disease, preserved left ventricular function.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,  Progressive exertional angina, three-vessel coronary artery disease, left main disease, preserved left ventricular function.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: , Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) x4.,GRAFTS PERFORMED: , LIMA to LAD, left radial artery from the aorta to the PDA, left saphenous vein graft from the aorta sequential to the diagonal to the obtuse marginal.,INDICATIONS FOR PROCEDURE: , The patient is a 74-year-old gentleman, who presented with six-month history of progressively worsening exertional angina.  He had a positive stress test and cardiac cath showed severe triple-vessel coronary artery disease including left main disease with preserved LV function.  He was advised surgical revascularization of his coronaries.,FINDINGS DURING THE PROCEDURE:  ,The aorta was free of any significant plaque in the ascending portion at the sites of cannulation and cross clamp.  Left internal mammary artery and saphenous vein grafts were good quality conduits.  Radial artery graft was a smaller sized conduit, otherwise good quality.  All distal targets showed heavy plaque involvement with calcification present.  The smallest target was the PDA, which was about 1.5 mm in size.  All the other targets were about 2 mm in size or greater.  The patient came off cardiopulmonary bypass without any problems.  He was transferred on Neo-Synephrine, nitroglycerin, Precedex drips.  Cross clamp time was 102 minutes, bypass time was 120 minutes.,DETAILS OF THE PROCEDURE:  ,The patient was brought into the operating room and laid supine on the table.  After he had been interfaced with the appropriate monitors, general endotracheal anesthesia was induced and invasive monitoring lines including right IJ triple-lumen catheter and Cordis catheter, right radial A-line, Foley catheter, TEE probes were placed and interfaced appropriately.  The patient was then prepped and draped from chin to bilateral ankles including the left forearm in the usual sterile fashion.  Preoperative checkup of the left forearm has revealed good collateral filling from the ulnar with the radial occluded thus indicating good common arch and thus left radial artery was suitable for harvest.,After prepping and draping the patient from the chin to bilateral ankles including left forearm in the usual sterile fashion, proper time-out was conducted and site identification was performed, and subsequently incision was made overlying the sternum and median sternotomy was performed.  Left internal mammary artery was taken down.  Simultaneously, left forearm radial artery was harvested using endoscopic harvesting techniques.  Simultaneously, endoscopic left leg saphenous vein was harvested using endoscopic minimally invasive techniques.  Subsequent to harvest, the incisions were closed in layers during the course of the procedure.,Heparin was given.  Pericardium was opened and suspended.  During the takedown of the left internal mammary artery, it was noted that the left pleural space was globally softened and left lung was adherent to the chest wall and mediastinum globally.  Only a limited dissection was performed to free up the lung from the mediastinal structures to accommodate the left internal mammary artery.,Pericardium was opened and suspended.  Pursestring sutures were placed.  Aortic and venous as well as antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia cannulation was performed and the patient was placed on cardiopulmonary bypass.  With satisfactory flow, the aorta was cross clamped and the heart was arrested using a combination of antegrade and retrograde cold blood cardioplegia.  An initial dose of about 1500 mL was given and this was followed by intermittent doses given both antegrade and retrograde throughout the procedure to maintain a good arrest and to protect the heart.,PDA was exposed first.  The right coronary artery was calcified along its course all the way to its terminal bifurcation.  Even in the PDA, calcification was noted in a spotty fashion.  Arteriotomy on the PDA was performed in a soft area and 1.5 probe was noted to be accommodated in both directions.  End radial to side PDA anastomosis was constructed using running 7-0 Prolene.  Next, the posterolateral obtuse marginal was exposed.  Arteriotomy was performed.  An end saphenous vein to side obtuse marginal anastomosis was constructed using running 7-0 Prolene.  This graft was then apposed to the diagonal and corresponding arteriotomy and venotomies were performed and a diamond shaped side-to-side anastomosis was constructed using running 7-0 Prolene.  Next, a slit was made in the left side of the pericardium and LIMA was accommodated in the slit on its way to the LAD.  LAD was exposed.  Arteriotomy was performed.  An end LIMA to side LAD anastomosis was constructed using running 7-0 Prolene.  LIMA was tacked down to the epicardium securely utilizing its fascial pedicle.,Two stab incisions were made in the ascending aorta and enlarged using 4-mm punch.  Two proximal anastomosis were constructed between the proximal end of the saphenous vein graft and the side of the aorta, and the proximal end of the radial artery graft and the side of the aorta separately using running 6-0 Prolene.  The patient was given terminal dose of warm retrograde followed by antegrade cardioplegia during which de-airing maneuvers were performed.  Following this, the aortic cross clamp was removed and the heart was noted to resume spontaneous coordinated contractile activity.  Temporary V-pacing wires were placed.  Blake drains were placed in the left chest, the right chest, as well as in the mediastinum.  Left chest Blake drain was placed just in the medial section where dissection had been performed.  After an adequate period of rewarming during which time, temporary V-pacing wires were also placed, the patient was successfully weaned off cardiopulmonary bypass without any problems.  With satisfactory hemodynamics, good LV function on TEE and baseline EKG, heparin was reversed using protamine.  Decannulation was performed after volume resuscitation.  Hemostasis was assured.  Mediastinal and pericardial fat and pericardium were loosely reapproximated in the midline and chest was closed in layers using interrupted stainless steel wires to reappose the two sternal halves, heavy Vicryl for musculofascial closure, and Monocryl for subcuticular skin closure.  Dressings were applied.  The patient was transferred to the ICU in stable condition.  He tolerated the procedure well.  All counts were correct at the termination of the procedure.  Cross clamp time was 102 minutes.  Bypass time was 120 minutes.  The patient was transferred on Neo-Synephrine, nitroglycerin, and Precedex drips.
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DESCRIPTION: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) x4.  Progressive exertional angina, three-vessel coronary artery disease, left main disease, preserved left ventricular function.

cardiovascular / pulmonary, radial artery, lima, pda, obtuse marginal, exertional angina, coronary artery disease, triple-vessel, graft, conduit, ij triple-lumen catheter, cordis catheter, a-line, foley catheter, tee probes, coronary artery bypass grafting, cross clamp, mammary artery, saphenous vein, coronary artery, artery, cabg, coronary, grafting, aorta, angina, bypass

This situation is high-stakes due to the nature of the medical procedure. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a major heart surgery used to treat severe coronary artery disease. The risks associated with open-heart surgery, such as potential complications with anesthesia, the surgical procedure itself, post-operative recovery, and the patient's age, all contribute to the high-stakes nature of this situation. Furthermore, the patient's preoperative condition involves multiple serious cardiovascular issues, including three-vessel coronary artery disease and left main disease, which are critical to address effectively to prevent life-threatening outcomes.


Medical Specialty: Neurosurgery
Sample Name: Anterior Cervical Discectomy & Fusion - 6

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:  ,Symptomatic disk herniation, C7-T1.,FINAL DIAGNOSIS:  ,Symptomatic disk herniation, C7-T1.,PROCEDURES PERFORMED,1.  Anterior cervical discectomy with decompression of spinal cord C7-T1.,2.  Anterior cervical fusion, C7-T1.,3.  Anterior cervical instrumentation, anterior C7-T1.,4.  Insertion of intervertebral device, C7-T1.,5.  Use of operating microscope.,ANESTHESIOLOGY: , General endotracheal.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:  ,A 30 mL.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL:  ,The patient was taken to the operating room where he was orally intubated by The Anesthesiology Service.  He was placed in the supine position on an OR table.  His arms were carefully taped down.  He was sterilely prepped and draped in the usual fashion.,A 4-cm incision was made obliquely over the left side of his neck.  Subcutaneous tissue was dissected down to the level of the platysma.  The platysma was incised using electrocautery.  Blunt dissection was done to create a plane between the strap muscles and the sternoclavicular mastoid muscle.  This allowed us to get right down on to the anterior cervical spine.  Blunt dissection was done to sweep off the longus colli.  We isolated the C7-T1 interspace.  An x-ray was taken to verify; we were indeed at the C7-T1 interspace.,Shadow-Line retractor was placed as well as Caspar pins.  This provided very, very good access to the C7-T1 disk.,At this point, the operating microscope was brought into the decompression.,A thorough and aggressive C7-T1 discectomy was done using a succession of curettes, pituitary rongeur, 4-mm cutting bur and a #2 Kerrison rongeur.  At the end of the discectomy, the cartilaginous endplates were carefully removed using 4-mm cutting burr.  The posterior longitudinal ligament was carefully resected using #2 Kerrison rongeur.  Left-sided C8 foraminotomy was accomplished using nerve hook and a 2-mm Kerrison rongeur.  At the end of the decompression, there was no further compression on the left C8 nerve root.,A Synthes cortical cancellous ____________ bone was placed in the interspace.  Sofamor Danek Atlantis plate was then placed over the interspace and four screws were placed, two in the body of C7 and two in the body of T1.  An x-ray was taken.  It showed good placement of the plate and screws.,A deep drain was placed.  The platysma layer was closed in running fashion using #1 Vicryl.  Subcutaneous tissue was closed in an interrupted fashion using 2-0 Vicryl.  Skin was closed in a running fashion using 4-0 Monocryl.  Steri-Strips and dressings were applied.  All counts were correct.  There were no complications.
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DESCRIPTION: Anterior cervical discectomy with decompression of spinal cord.  Anterior cervical fusion.  Anterior cervical instrumentation.  Insertion of intervertebral device.  Use of operating microscope.

neurosurgery, disk herniation, cervical discectomy, decompression, spinal cord, anterior cervical fusion, anterior cervical discectomy, kerrison rongeur, anterior cervical, instrumentation, cervical, anterior, platysma, kerrison, fashion, interspace, rongeur, discectomy, herniation,

The described procedure, Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF), is a significant neurosurgical operation involving the spinal cord and nerve roots. Mistakes or complications during such a procedure could lead to serious outcomes, including neurological damage, paralysis, or other life-threatening conditions. Therefore, the stakes are high considering the risk factors, the complexity of the procedure, and the potential impact on the patient's quality of life.


Medical Specialty: Orthopedic
Sample Name: Dorsal Extensor Compartment Release

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Stenosing tenosynovitis first dorsal extensor compartment/de Quervain tendonitis.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Stenosing tenosynovitis first dorsal extensor compartment/de Quervain tendonitis.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:,  Release of first dorsal extensor compartment.,ASSISTANT: , None.,ANESTHESIA: , Bier block.,TOURNIQUET TIME: , 30 minutes.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,INDICATIONS:  ,The above patient is a 47-year-old right hand dominant black female who has signs and symptomology of de Quervain's stenosing tenosynovitis.  She was treated conservatively with steroid injections, splinting, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents without relief.  She is presenting today for release of the first dorsal extensor compartment.  She is aware of the risks, benefits, alternatives and has consented to this operation.,PROCEDURE: , The patient was given intravenous prophylactic antibiotics.  She was taken to the operating suite under the auspices of Anesthesiology.  She was given a left upper extremity bier block.  Her left upper extremity was then prepped and draped in the normal fashion with Betadine solution.  Afterwards, a transverse incision was made over the extensor retinaculum of the first dorsal extensor compartment.  Dissection was carried down through the dermis into the subcutaneous tissue.  The dorsal radial sensory branches were kept out of harm's way.  They were retracted gently to the ulnar side of the wrist.  The retinaculum was incised with a #15 scalpel blade in the longitudinal fashion and the retinaculum was released completely both proximally and distally.  Both the extensor pollices brevis and abductor pollices longus tendons were identified.  There was no pathology noted within the first dorsal extensor compartment.  The wound was irrigated.  Hemostasis was obtained with bipolar cautery.  The wound was infiltrated with _0.25% Marcaine solution and then closure performed with #6-0 nylon suture utilizing a horizontal mattress stitch.  Sterile occlusive dressing was applied along with the thumb spica splint.  The tourniquet was released and the patient was transported to the recovery area in stable and satisfactory condition.
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DESCRIPTION: Stenosing tenosynovitis first dorsal extensor compartment/de Quervain tendonitis.  Release of first dorsal extensor compartment.

orthopedic, dorsal extensor compartment, de quervain tendonitis, dorsal, extensor, quervain, tendonitis, retinaculum, tenosynovitis, tourniquet,

The procedure described is a surgical intervention aimed at relieving symptoms of de Quervain's stenosing tenosynovitis. While any surgical procedure holds some intrinsic risk, this particular operation is commonly performed and usually not considered as high-risk or high-stakes. There are no reported complications in this case, and the patient was transported to recovery in stable condition. The condition treated, while uncomfortable and impairing, is not life-threatening, making the overall stakes relatively low.


Medical Specialty: Discharge Summary
Sample Name: Neonatal Discharge Summary

HOSPITAL COURSE:,  The patient is an 1812 g baby boy born by vaginal delivery to a 32-year-old gravida 3, para 2 at 34 weeks of gestation.  Mother had two previous C-sections.  Baby was born at 5:57 on 07/30/2006.  Mother received ampicillin 2 g 4 hours prior to delivery.  Mother came with preterm contractions, with progressive active labor in spite of the terbutaline and magnesium sulfate.  Baby was born with Apgar scores of 8 and 9 at delivery.  Fluid was cleared.  Nuchal cord x1.  Prenatal was at ABC Valley.  Prenatal labs were O positive, antibody negative, rubella immune, RPR nonreactive.  Baby was suctioned on perineum with good support.  The baby was admitted to the NICU for prematurity and to rule out sepsis.  Baby's cry was good.  Color, tone, and __________ mild retractions.  CBC, CRP, blood cultures were done.  IV fluids of D10 at a rate of 6 mL an hour.  Ampicillin and gentamicin were started via protocol.  At the time of admission, the patient was stable on room air and has feeding issues.  Baby was fed EBM 22 and NeoSure per os.  Ampicillin and gentamicin were started per protocol but were discontinue when blood cultures came out negative after 48 hours.  The patient continues on feeding issues, will not suck properly, was kept in the NICU, and put on OG tube for a couple of days after which p.o. feeds were advanced.  Also, the baby was able to suck properly and was tolerating feeds.  The baby was fed EBM 22 and NeoSure was added a day before discharge.  At the time of discharge, baby was stable on room air, baby was tolerated p.o. foods and was sucking properly, was taking ad lib feeds and gaining weight.,ADMISSION DIAGNOSES:,  Respiratory distress, rule out sepsis and prematurity.,DISCHARGE DIAGNOSES:,  Stable, ex-34-week preemie.,Pediatrician after discharge will be Dr. X.,DISCHARGE INSTRUCTIONS: , To follow up with Dr. X in 2 to 3 days, an appointment was made for 08/14/2006.  CPR teaching was completed on 08/11/2006 to parents.  Formula feeding schedule with breast and NeoSure 2 to 3 ounces per feed.  Ad lib feeding on demand.
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DESCRIPTION: The patient is an 1812 g baby boy born by vaginal delivery to a 32-year-old gravida 3, para 2 at 34 weeks of gestation.  Mother had two previous C-sections.

discharge summary, gestation, preemie, prematurity, sepsis, neosure, feeds, born, delivery, perineum, discharge,

This neonatal discharge summary details the condition and care of a premature baby born at 34 weeks, initially admitted to the NICU for potential complications typical of preterm birth, such as sepsis risk and feeding issues. While it outlines a critical healthcare episode given the patient's vulnerability due to prematurity, the situation described is not presently emergent or life-threatening at the time of discharge. The baby improved under NICU care, stabilized, and is being discharged with clear follow-up instructions and care plans, indicating that the immediate risk level at the point of discharge is not acutely high. However, given the neonatal context and need for adherence to post-discharge instructions, the situation remains moderately high-stakes due to the potential for complications if follow-up care is not properly managed.


Medical Specialty: Consult - History and Phy.
Sample Name: Gen Med Consult - 43

HISTORY:,  A 69-year-old female with past history of type II diabetes, atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, carotid stenosis.  The patient was status post coronary artery bypass surgery aortic valve repair at Shadyside Hospital.  The patient subsequently developed CVA.  She also developed thrombosis of the right arm, which ultimately required right hand amputation.  She was stabilized and eventually transferred to HealthSouth for further management.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:,Vital Signs:  Pulse of 90 and blood pressure 150/70.,Heart:  Sounds were heard, grade 2/6 systolic murmur at the precordium.,Chest:  Clinically clear.,Abdomen:  Some suprapubic tenderness.  Evidence of right lower arm amputation.,The patient was started on Prevacid 30 mg daily, levothyroxine 75 mcg a day, Toprol 25 mg twice a day, Zofran 4 mg q.6 h, Coumadin dose at 5 mg and was adjusted.  She was given a pain control using Vicodin and Percocet, amiodarone 200 mg a day, Lexapro 20 mg a day, Plavix 75 mg a day, fenofibrate 145 mg, Lasix 20 mg IV twice a day, Lantus 50 units at bedtime and Humalog 10 units a.c. and sliding scale insulin coverage.  Wound care to the right heel was supervised by Dr. X.  The patient initially was fed through NG tube, which was eventually discontinued.  Physical therapy was ordered.  The patient continued to do well.  She was progressively ambulated.  Her meds were continuously adjusted.  The patient's insulin was eventually changed from Lantus to Levemir 25 units twice a day.  Dr. Y also followed the patient closely for left heel ulcer.,LABORATORY DATA: , The latest cultures from left heel are pending.  Her electrolytes revealed sodium of 135 and potassium of 3.2.  Her potassium was switched to K-Dur 40 mEq twice a day.  Her blood chemistries are otherwise closely monitored.  INRs were obtained and were therapeutic.  Throughout her hospitalization, multiple cultures were also obtained.  Urine cultures grew Klebsiella.  She was treated with appropriate antibiotics.  Her detailed blood work is as in the chart.  Detailed radiological studies are as in the chart.  The patient made a steady progress and eventually plans were made to transfer the patient to ABC furthermore aggressive rehabilitation.,FINAL DIAGNOSES:,1.  Atherosclerotic heart disease, status post coronary artery bypass graft.,2.  Valvular heart disease, status post aortic valve replacement.,3.  Right arm arterial thrombosis, status post amputation right lower arm.,4.  Hypothyroidism.,5.  Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, type 2.,6.  Urinary tract infection.,7.  Hypokalemia.,8.  Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.,9.  Peripheral vascular occlusive disease.,10.  Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.,11.  Hyperlipidemia.,12.  Depression.,13.  Carotid stenosis.
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DESCRIPTION: A 69-year-old female with past history of type II diabetes, atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, carotid stenosis.

consult - history and phy., arterial thrombosis, valvular heart disease, atherosclerotic heart disease, type ii diabetes, hypertension, carotid stenosis, heart disease, diabetes, carotid, stenosis, bypass, amputation, heart, atherosclerotic,

This situation involves a comprehensive medical evaluation of a 69-year-old female patient with multiple complex medical conditions, including past and recent serious health issues such as coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and complications leading to a limb amputation. The patient's condition requires careful medication management and rehabilitation. The stakes are high due to the complexity of her health conditions, the need for precise medical management, and the potential for serious complications, such as further cardiovascular events, infection risks, and managing her diabetes and other comorbidities appropriately. Effective treatment and rehabilitation are crucial for her quality of life and survival.


Medical Specialty: Surgery
Sample Name: Midface Lift & Blepharoplasty

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1.  Request for cosmetic surgery.,2.  Facial asymmetry following motor vehicle accident.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1.  Request for cosmetic surgery.,2.  Facial asymmetry following motor vehicle accident.,PROCEDURES:,1.  Endoscopic subperiosteal midface lift using the endotine midface suspension device.,2.  Transconjunctival lower lid blepharoplasty with removal of a portion of the medial and middle fat pad.,ANESTHESIA: , General via endotracheal tube.,INDICATIONS FOR OPERATION: , The patient is a 28-year-old country and western performer who was involved in a motor vehicle accident over a year ago.  Since that time, she is felt to have facial asymmetry, which is apparent in publicity photographs for her record promotions.  She had requested a procedure to bring about further facial asymmetry.  She was seen preoperatively by psychiatrist specializing in body dysmorphic disorder as well as analysis of the patient's requesting cosmetic surgery and was felt to be a psychiatrically good candidate.  She did have facial asymmetry with the bit of more fullness in higher cheekbone on the right as compared to the left.  Preoperative workup including CT scan failed to show any skeletal trauma.  The patient was counseled with regard to the risks, benefits, alternatives, and complications of the postsurgical procedure including but not limited to bleeding, infection, unacceptable cosmetic appearance, numbness of the face, change in sensation of the face, facial nerve paralysis, need for further surgery, need for revision, hair loss, etc., and informed consent was obtained.,PROCEDURE:,  The patient was taken to the operating room, placed in supine position after having been marked in the upright position while awake.  General endotracheal anesthesia was induced with a #6 endotracheal tube.  All appropriate measures were taken to preserve the vocal cords in a professional singer.  Local anesthesia consisting of 5/6th 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 units of epinephrine in 1/6th 0.25% Marcaine was mixed and then injected in a regional field block fashion in the subperiosteal plane via the gingivobuccal sulcus injection on either side as well as into the temporal fossa at the level of the true temporal fascia.  The upper eyelids were injected with 1 cc of 1% Xylocaine with 1:100,000 units of epinephrine.  Adequate time for vasoconstriction and anesthesia was allowed to be obtained.  The patient was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion.  A 4-0 silk suture was placed in the right lower lid.  For traction, it was brought anteriorly.  The conjunctiva was incised with the needle tip Bovie with Jaeger lid plate protecting the cornea and globe.  A Q-Tip was then used to separate the orbicularis oculi muscle from the fat pad beneath and carried down to the bone.  The middle and medial fat pads were identified and a small amount of fat was removed from each to take care of the pseudofat herniation, which was present.  The inferior oblique muscle was identified, preserved, and protected throughout the procedure.  The transconjunctival incision was then closed with buried knots of 6-0 fast absorbing gut.  Contralateral side was treated in similar fashion with like results and throughout the procedure.  Lacri-Lube was in the eyes in order to maintain hydration.  Attention was next turned to the midface, where a temporal incision was made parallel to the nasojugal folds.  Dissection was carried out with the hemostat down to the true temporal fascia and the endoscopic temporal dissection dissector was used to elevate the true temporal fascia.  A 30-degree endoscope was used to visualize the fat pads, so that we knew we are in the proper plane.  Subperiosteal dissection was carried out over the zygomatic arch and Whitnall's tubercle and the temporal dissection was completed.,Next, bilateral gingivobuccal sulcus incisions were made and a Joseph elevator was used to elevate the periosteum of the midface and anterior face of the maxilla from the tendon of the masseter muscle up to Whitnall's tubercle.  The two dissection planes within joint in the subperiosteal fashion and dissection proceeded laterally out to the zygomatic neurovascular bundle.  It was bipolar electrocauteried and the tunnel was further dissected free and opened.  The endotine 4.5 soft tissue suspension device was then inserted through the temporal incision, brought down into the subperiosteal midface plane of dissection.  The guard was removed and the suspension spikes were engaged into the soft tissues.  The spikes were elevated superiorly such that a symmetrical midface elevation was carried out bilaterally.  The endotine device was then secured to the true temporal fascia with three sutures of 3-0 PDS suture.  Contralateral side was treated in similar fashion with like results in order to achieve facial symmetry and symmetry was obtained.  The gingivobuccal sulcus incisions were closed with interrupted 4-0 chromic and the scalp incision was closed with staples.  The sterile dressing was applied.  The patient was awakened in the operating room and taken to the recovery room in good condition.
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DESCRIPTION: Endoscopic subperiosteal midface lift using the endotine midface suspension device.  Transconjunctival lower lid blepharoplasty with removal of a portion of the medial and middle fat pad.

surgery, cosmetic surgery, jaeger lid plate, lacri-lube, q-tip, blepharoplasty, conjunctiva, facial asymmetry, fat pad, lower lid, midface lift, regional field block, temporal fascia, temporal fossa, vasoconstriction, true temporal fascia, gingivobuccal sulcus, gingivobuccal,

This surgical procedure, involving a midface lift and blepharoplasty following facial asymmetry due to a motor vehicle accident, is moderately high-stakes. The stakes are relatively high because any surgery carries inherent risks such as infection, bleeding, and complications related to anesthesia. Moreover, the patient's profession as a singer adds additional considerations regarding the preservation of vocal abilities, and the psychological aspects linked to body dysmorphic disorder add to the complexity. However, these are controlled elective surgeries rather than emergency surgeries, which slightly reduces the stakes in a clinical sense.


You are an LLM as part of a medical assistant system, interacting with medical practitioners to improve efficiency.

Medical Specialty: Consult - History and Phy.
Sample Name: Gastric Bypass Discussion - 3

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:,  Significant for hypertension.  The patient takes hydrochlorothiazide for this.  She also suffers from high cholesterol and takes Crestor.  She also has dry eyes and uses Restasis for this.  She denies liver disease, kidney disease, cirrhosis, hepatitis, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, bleeding disorders, prior DVT, HIV and gout.  She also denies cardiac disease and prior history of cancer.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , Significant for tubal ligation in 1993.  She had a hysterectomy done in 2000 and a gallbladder resection done in 2002.,MEDICATIONS: , Crestor 20 mg p.o. daily, hydrochlorothiazide 20 mg p.o. daily, Veramist spray 27.5 mcg daily, Restasis twice a day and ibuprofen two to three times a day.,ALLERGIES TO MEDICATIONS: , Bactrim which causes a rash.  The patient denies latex allergy.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , The patient is a life long nonsmoker.  She only drinks socially one to two drinks a month.  She is employed as a manager at the New York department of taxation.  She is married with four children.,FAMILY HISTORY: , Significant for type II diabetes on her mother's side as well as liver and heart failure.  She has one sibling that suffers from high cholesterol and high triglycerides.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: , Positive for hot flashes.  She also complains about snoring and occasional slight asthma.  She does complain about peripheral ankle swelling and heartburn.  She also gives a history of hemorrhoids and bladder infections in the past.  She has weight bearing joint pain as well as low back degenerating discs.  She denies obstructive sleep apnea, kidney stones, bloody bowel movements, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, dark tarry stools and melena.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:  ,On examination temperature is 97.7, pulse 84, blood pressure 126/80, respiratory rate was 20.  Well nourished, well developed in no distress.  Eye exam, pupils equal round and reactive to light.  Extraocular motions intact.  Neuro exam deep tendon reflexes 1+ in the lower extremities.  No focal neuro deficits noted.  Neck exam nonpalpable thyroid, midline trachea, no cervical lymphadenopathy, no carotid bruit.  Lung exam clear breath sounds throughout without rhonchi or wheezes however diminished.  Cardiac exam regular rate and rhythm without murmur or bruit.  Abdominal exam positive bowel sounds, soft, nontender, obese, nondistended abdomen.  No palpable tenderness.  No right upper quadrant tenderness.  No organomegaly appreciated.  No obvious hernias noted.  Lower extremity exam +1 edema noted.  Positive dorsalis pedis pulses.,ASSESSMENT: , The patient is a 56-year-old female who presents to the bariatric surgery service with a body mass index of 41 with obesity related comorbidities.  The patient is interested in gastric bypass surgery.  The patient appears to be an excellent candidate and would benefit greatly in the management of her comorbidities.,PLAN: , In preparation for surgery will obtain the usual baseline laboratory values including baseline vitamin levels.  Will proceed with our usual work up with an upper GI series as well as consultations with the dietician and the psychologist preoperatively.  I have recommended six weeks of Medifast for the patient to obtain a 10% preoperative weight loss.
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DESCRIPTION: Patient presented to the bariatric surgery service for consideration of laparoscopic roux en Y gastric bypass surgery.

consult - history and phy., weight watchers, roux en y, atkins, medifast, meridia, south beach, cabbage, diets, laparoscopic roux en y gastric bypass surgery, rice, weight loss, six weeks of medifast, weight loss modalities, body mass index, gastric bypass surgery, bariatric surgery, gastric bypass,

This situation involves a patient considering gastric bypass surgery, a significant medical procedure typically recommended for cases of morbid obesity with related comorbidities. The patient's BMI is 41, indicating morbid obesity, which carries considerable health risks. Additionally, there are existing health issues such as hypertension and high cholesterol that can potentially be improved with weight loss. Gastric bypass surgery can have life-changing impacts on the patient's health and quality of life. Therefore, deciding whether to proceed with such a surgery and preparing for it with appropriate evaluations and preoperative weight loss are crucial, making this a high-stakes situation.


Medical Specialty: General Medicine
Sample Name: Lymphoblastic Leukemia - Consult

CHIEF COMPLAINT: , Newly diagnosed high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia; extensive deep vein thrombosis, right iliac vein and inferior vena cava (IVC), status post balloon angioplasty, and mechanical and pharmacologic thrombolysis following placement of a vena caval filter.,HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: , The patient was transferred here the evening of 02/23/2007 from Hospital with a new diagnosis of high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia based on confirmation by flow cytometry of peripheral blood lymphoblasts that afternoon.  History related to this illness probably dates back to October of 2006 when he had onset of swelling and discomfort in the left testicle with what he described as a residual "lump" posteriorly.  The left testicle has continued to be painful off and on since.  In early November, he developed pain in the posterior part of his upper right leg, which he initially thought was related to skateboarding and muscle strain.  Physical therapy was prescribed and the discomfort temporarily improved.  In December, he noted onset of increasing fatigue.  He used to work out regularly, lifting lifts, doing abdominal exercises, and playing basketball and found he did not have energy to pursue these activities.  He has lost 10 pounds since December and feels his appetite has decreased.  Night sweats and cough began in December, for which he was treated with a course of Augmentin.  However, both of these problems have continued.  He also began taking Accutane for persistent acne in December (this agent was stopped on 02/19/2007).  Despite increasing fatigue and lethargy, he continues his studies at University of Denver, has a biology major (he aspires to be an ophthalmologist).,The morning of 02/19/2007, he awakened with severe right inguinal and right lower quadrant pain.  He was seen in Emergency Room where it was noted that he had an elevated WBC of 18,000.  CT scan of the abdomen was obtained to rule out possible appendicitis and on that CT, a large clot in the inferior vena cava extending to the right iliac and femoral veins was found.  He promptly underwent appropriate treatment in interventional radiology with the above-noted angioplasty and placement of a vena caval filter followed by mechanical and pharmacologic thrombolysis.  Repeat ultrasound there on 02/20/2007 showed no evidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT).  Continuous intravenous unfractionated heparin infusion was continued.  Because there was no obvious cause of this extensive thrombosis, occult malignancy was suspected.  Appropriate blood studies were obtained and he underwent a PET/CT scan as part of his diagnostic evaluation.  This study showed moderately increased diffuse bone marrow metabolic activity.  Because the WBC continued to rise and showed a preponderance of lymphocytes, the smear was reviewed by pathologist, Sheryl Asplund, M.D., and flow cytometry was performed on the peripheral blood.  These studies became available the afternoon of 02/23/2007, and confirmed the diagnosis of precursor-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia.  The patient was transferred here after stopping of the continuous infusion heparin and receiving a dose of Lovenox 60 mg subcutaneously for further diagnostic evaluation and management of the acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).,ALLERGIES: , NO KNOWN DRUG ALLERGIES.  HE DOES SEEM TO REACT TO CERTAIN ADHESIVES.,CURRENT MEDICATIONS:  ,1.  Lovenox 60 mg subcutaneously q.12h. initiated.,2.  Coumadin 5 mg p.o., was administered on 02/19/2007 and 02/22/2007.,3.  Protonix 40 mg intravenous (IV) daily.,4.  Vicodin p.r.n.,5.  Levaquin 750 mg IV on 02/23/2007.,IMMUNIZATIONS: , Up-to-date.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY:  ,The treatment of the thrombosis as noted above on 02/19/2007 and 02/20/2007.,FAMILY HISTORY:  ,Two half-brothers, ages 26 and 28, both in good health.  Parents are in good health.  A maternal great-grandmother had a deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of leg in her 40s.  A maternal great-uncle developed leukemia around age 50.  A maternal great-grandfather had bone cancer around age 80.  His paternal grandfather died of colon cancer at age 73, which he had had since age 68.  Adult-onset diabetes is present in distant relatives on both sides.,SOCIAL HISTORY:  ,The patient is a student at the University majoring in biology.  He lives in a dorm there.  His parents live in Breckenridge.  He admits to having smoked marijuana off and on with friends and drinking beer off and on as well.,REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: , He has had emesis off and on related to Vicodin and constipation since 02/19/2007, also related to pain medication.  He has had acne for about two years, which he describes as mild to moderate.  He denied shortness of breath, chest pain, hemoptysis, dyspnea, headaches, joint pains, rashes, except where he has had dressings applied, and extremity pain except for the right leg pain noted above.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:  ,GENERAL:  Alert, cooperative, moderately ill-appearing young man.,VITAL SIGNS:  At the time of admission, pulse was 94, respirations 20, blood pressure 120/62, temperature 98.7, height 171.5 cm, weight 63.04 kg, and pulse oximetry on room air 95%.,HAIR AND SKIN:  Mild facial acne.,HEENT:  Extraocular muscles (EOMs) intact.  Pupils equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation (PERRLA), fundi normal.,CARDIOVASCULAR:  A 2/6 systolic ejection murmur (SEM), regular sinus rhythm (RSR).,LUNGS:  Clear to auscultation with an occasional productive cough.,ABDOMEN:  Soft with mild lower quadrant tenderness, right more so than left; liver and spleen each decreased 4 cm below their respective costal margins.,MUSCULOSKELETAL:  Mild swelling of the dorsal aspect of the right foot and distal right leg.  Mild tenderness over the prior catheter entrance site in the right popliteal fossa and mild tenderness over the right medial upper thigh.,GENITOURINARY:  Testicle exam disclosed no firm swelling with mild nondiscrete fullness in the posterior left testicle.,NEUROLOGIC:  Exam showed him to be oriented x4.  Normal fundi, intact cranial nerves II through XII with downgoing toes, symmetric muscle strength, and decreased patellar deep tendon reflexes (DTRs).,LABORATORY DATA:  ,White count 25,500 (26 neutrophils, 1 band, 7 lymphocytes, 1 monocyte, 1 myelocyte, 64 blasts), hemoglobin 13.3, hematocrit 38.8, and 312,000 platelets.  Electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, phosphorus, uric acid, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, and magnesium were all normal.  LDH was elevated to 1925 units/L (upper normal 670), and total protein and albumin were both low at 6.2 and 3.4 g/dL respectively.  Calcium was also slightly low at 8.8 mg/dL.  Low molecular weight heparin test was low at 0.27 units/mL.  PT was 11.8, INR 1.2, and fibrinogen 374.  Urinalysis was normal.,ASSESSMENT: , 1.  Newly diagnosed high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia.,2.  Deep vein thrombosis of the distal iliac and common femoral/right femoral and iliac veins, status post vena caval filter placement and mechanical and thrombolytic therapy, on continued anticoagulation.,3.  Probable chronic left epididymitis.,PLAN: , 1.  Proceed with diagnostic bone marrow aspirate/biopsy and lumbar puncture (using a #27-gauge pencil-tip needle for minimal trauma) as soon as these procedures can be safely done with regard to the anticoagulation status.,2.  Prompt reassessment of the status of the deep venous thrombosis with Doppler studies.,3.  Ultrasound/Doppler of the testicles.,4.  Maintain therapeutic anticoagulation as soon as the diagnostic procedures for ALL can be completed.,
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DESCRIPTION: Newly diagnosed high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia; extensive deep vein thrombosis, and pharmacologic thrombolysis following placement of a vena caval filter.

The situation described involves a newly diagnosed patient with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and extensive deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It also involves numerous complex and potentially life-threatening medical interventions, including balloon angioplasty, mechanical and pharmacologic thrombolysis, and anticoagulation therapy. The complications associated with both the leukemia and DVT, such as increased risk of bleeding and further thrombotic events, make this a high-stakes medical case. The patient's condition requires immediate and careful management, often involving multidisciplinary teams, to improve outcomes and manage the significant risks associated with both conditions.


Medical Specialty: General Medicine
Sample Name: Gen Med Consult - 36

Chief Complaint:, coughing up blood and severe joint pain.,History of Present Illness:,  The patient is a 37 year old African American woman with history of chronic allergic rhinitis who presents to an outpatient clinic with severe pain in multiple joints and hemoptysis for 1 day. The patient was at her baseline state of health until 2 months prior to admission when her usual symptoms of allergic rhinitis worsened. In addition to increased nasal congestion and drainage, she also began having generalized fatigue, malaise, and migratory arthralgias involving bilateral wrists, shoulders, elbows, knees, ankles, and finger joints. She also had intermittent episodes of swollen fingers that prevented her from making a fist. Patient denied recent flu-like illness, fever, chills, myalgias, or night sweats. Four weeks after the onset of arthralgias patient developed severe bilateral eye dryness and redness without any discharge. She was evaluated by an ophthalmologist and diagnosed with conjunctivitis. She was given eye drops that did not relieve her eye symptoms. Two weeks prior to admission patient noted the onset of rust colored urine. No bright red blood or clots in the urine. She denied having dysuria, decreased urine output, abdominal pain, flank pain, or nausea/vomiting. Patient went to a community ER, and had a CT Scan of the abdomen that was negative for kidney stones. She was discharged from the ER with Bactrim for possible UTI. During the next week patient had progressively worsening arthralgias to the point where she could hardly walk. On the day of admission, she developed a cough productive of bright red blood associated with shortness of breath and nausea, but no chest pain or dizziness. This prompted the patient to go see her primary care physician. After being seen in clinic, she was transferred to St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital for further evaluation.,Past Medical History:, Allergic rhinitis, which she has had for many years and treated with numerous medications. No history of diabetes, hypertension, or renal disease. No history tuberculosis, asthma, or upper airway disease.,Past Surgical History:, Appendectomy at age 21. C-Section 8 years ago.,Ob/Gyn: G2P2; last menstrual period 3 weeks ago. Heavy menses due to fibroids.,Social History:, Patient is married and lives with her husband and 2 children. Works in a business office. Denies any tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drug use of any kind. No history of sexually transmitted diseases. Denies exposures to asbestos, chemicals, or industrial gases. No recent travel. No recent sick contacts.,Family History:, Mother and 2 maternal aunts with asthma. No history of renal or rheumatologic diseases.,Medications:, Allegra 180mg po qd, Zyrtec 10mg po qd, Claritin 10mg po qd,No herbal medication use.,Allergies:, No known drug allergies.,Review of systems:, No rashes, headache, photophobia, diplopia, or oral ulcers. No palpitations, orthopnea or PND. No diarrhea, constipation, melena, bright red blood per rectum, or pale stool. No jaundice. Decreased appetite, but no weight loss.,Physical Examination:,VS: T 100.2F BP 132/85 P 111 RR 20 O2 Sat 95% on room air,GEN: Well-developed woman in no apparent distress.,SKIN: No rashes, nodules, ecchymoses, or petechiae.,LYMPH NODES: No cervical, axillary, or inguinal lymphadenopathy.,HEENT: Pupils equally round and reactive to light. Extra-ocular movements intact. Anicteric sclerae. Erythematous sclerae and pale conjunctivae. Dry mucous membranes. No oropharyngeal lesions. Bilateral tympanic membranes clear. No nasal deformities.,NECK: Supple. No increased jugular venous pressure. No thyromegaly.,CHEST: Decreased breath sounds throughout bilateral lung fields with occasional diffuse crackles. No wheezes or rales.,CV: Tachycardic. Regular rhythm. No murmurs, gallops, or rubs.,ABDOMEN: Soft with normal active bowel sounds. Non-distended and non-tender. No masses palpated. No hepatosplenomegaly.,RECTAL: Brown stool. Guaiac negative.,EXT: No clubbing, cyanosis, or edema. 2+ pulses bilaterally. Tenderness and mild swelling of bilateral wrists, MCPs and PIPs with decreased range of motion and grip function. Bilateral wrists warm without erythema. Bilateral elbows, knees, and ankles tender to palpation with decreased range of motion, but no erythema, warmth, or swelling of these joints.,NEURO: Cranial nerves intact. 2+ DTRs bilaterally and symmetrically. Motor strength and sensation are within normal limits.,STUDIES:,Chest X-ray (10/03):,Suboptimal inspiratory effort. No evidence of pneumonic consolidation, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or pulmonary edema. Cardiomediastinal silhouette is unremarkable.,CT Scan of Chest (10/03):,Prominence of the bronchovascular markings bilaterally with a nodular configuration. There are mixed ground glass interstitial pulmonary infiltrates throughout both lungs with a perihilar predominance. Aortic arch is of normal caliber. The pulmonary arteries are of normal caliber. There is right paratracheal lymphadenopathy. There is probable bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. Trachea and main stem bronchi are normal. The heart is of normal size.,Renal Biopsy:,Microscopic Description : Ten glomeruli are present. There are crescents in eight of the glomeruli. Some of the glomeruli show focal areas of apparent necrosis with fibrin formation. The interstitium consists of a fairly dense infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells with admixed eosinophils. The tubules for the most part are unremarkable. No vasculitis is identified.,Immunofluorescence Description : There are no staining for IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, Kappa, Lambda, C1q, or albumin.,Electron Microscopic Description : Mild to moderate glomerular, tubular, and interstitial changes. Mesangium has multifocal areas with increased matrix and cells. There is focal mesangial interpositioning with the filtration membrane. Interstitium has multifocal areas with increased collagen. There are focal areas with interstitial aggregate of fibrin. Within the collagen substrate are infiltrates of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and macrophages. The glomerular sections evaluated show no electron-dense deposits in the filtration membrane or mesangium.,Microscopic Diagnosis: Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis with eosinophilic interstitial infiltrate.
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DESCRIPTION: Patient coughing up blood and with severe joint pain.

The situation involves a patient with symptoms consistent with a rapidly progressing, potentially life-threatening condition, possibly related to an autoimmune or vascular disease such as vasculitis. The presence of pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis is particularly concerning as it can lead to rapid renal deterioration. Additionally, hemoptysis (coughing up blood) suggests possible pulmonary involvement. These symptoms indicate an urgent need for medical attention and treatment to prevent further deterioration of the patient's condition. The implications for the patient's health are severe if not promptly addressed, making this a high-stakes scenario.


Medical Specialty: Cosmetic / Plastic Surgery
Sample Name: Capsulotomy & Flat Advancement, Left Breast

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Breast assymetry, status post previous breast surgery.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:  ,Breast assymetry, status post previous breast surgery.,OPERATION: , Capsulotomy left breast, flat advancement V to Y left breast for correction lower pole defect.,ANESTHESIA:,  LMA.,FINDINGS AND PROCEDURE:  ,The patient is a 35-year-old female who presents status post multiple breast surgeries with resultant flatness of the lower pole of the left breast.  The nipple inframammary fold distance is approximately 1.5 cm shorter than the fuller right breast.  The patient has bilateral Mentor-Smooth round moderate projection jell-filled mammary prosthesis, 225 cc.,The patient was marked in the upright position for mobilization of lateral skin flaps and increase in the length of the nipple inframammary fold distance.  She was then brought to the operating room and after satisfactory LMA anesthesia had been induced, the patient was prepped and draped in the usual manger.  The patient received a gram of Kefzol prior to beginning the procedure.  The previous inverted T-scar was excised down to the underlying capsule of the breast implant.  The breast was carefully dissected off of the underlying capsule.  Care being taken to preserve the vascular supply to the skin and breast flap.  When the anterior portion of the breast was dissected free of the underlying capsule, the posterior aspect of the capsule was then dissected off of the underlying pectoralis muscle.  A posterior incision was made on the backside of the capsule at the proximate middle portion of the capsule and then reflected inferiorly thereby creating a superior based capsular flap.  The lateral aspects of the capsule were then opened and the inferior edge of the capsule was then sutured to the underside of the inframammary flap with 2-0 Monocryl statures.  Care was taken to avoid as much exposure of the implant, as well as damage to the implant.  When the flap had been created and advanced, hemostasis was obtained and the area copiously irrigated with a solution of Bacitracin 50,000 units, Kefzol 1 g, gentamicin 80 mg, and 500 cc of saline.  The lateral skin both medially and laterally were then completely freed and the vertical incision of the inverted T was then extended the 2 cm and sutured with a trifurcation suture of 2-0 Biosyn.  This lengthened the vertical portion of the mastopexy scar to allow for descent of the implant and roundness of the inferior pole of the left breast.  The remainder of the inverted T was closed with interrupted sutures of 3 and 2-0 Biosyn and the skin was closed with continuous suture of 5-0 nylon.  Bacitracin and a standard breast dressing were applied.,The anesthesia was terminated and the patient was recovered in the operating room.  Sponge, instrument, needle count reported as corrected.  Estimated blood loss negligible.
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DESCRIPTION: Capsulotomy left breast and flat advancement V to Y, left breast, for correction of lower pole defect (breast assymetry) status post previous breast surgery.

cosmetic / plastic surgery, capsulotomy, biosyn, breast, breast assymetry, kefzol, mentor-smooth, breast surgeries, flat advancement, inframammary fold, lower pole defect, mammary, mammary prosthesis, nipple, breast surgery, assymetry, inframammary, capsule

This case involves cosmetic surgery to correct asymmetry due to prior breast surgeries. It is a medical procedure that requires precision to ensure good cosmetic outcomes and patient safety. However, it does not involve life-threatening conditions or critical health risks. The primary stakes are aesthetic and functional results and potential for postoperative complications, which are generally low to moderate in a well-controlled environment with experienced professionals. Thus, while it is a significant procedure for the patient's quality of life and satisfaction, it is not considered extremely high-stakes from a medical perspective.


Medical Specialty: Orthopedic
Sample Name: CT Lumbar Spine - 1

FINDINGS:,High resolution computerized tomography was performed from T12-L1 to the S1 level with reformatted images in the sagittal and coronal planes and 3D reconstructions performed. COMPARISON: Previous MRI examination 10/13/2004.,There is minimal curvature of the lumbar spine convex to the left.,T12-L1, L1-2, L2-3: There is normal disc height with no posterior annular disc bulging or protrusion. Normal central canal, intervertebral neural foramina and facet joints.,L3-4: There is normal disc height and non-compressive circumferential annular disc bulging eccentrically greater to the left. Normal central canal and facet joints (image #255).,L4-5: There is normal disc height, circumferential annular disc bulging, left L5 hemilaminectomy and posterior central/right paramedian broad-based disc protrusion measuring 4mm (AP) contouring the rightward aspect of the thecal sac. Orthopedic hardware is noted posteriorly at the L5 level. Normal central canal, facet joints and intervertebral neural foramina (image #58).,L5-S1: There is minimal decreased disc height, postsurgical change with intervertebral disc spacer, posterior lateral orthopedic hardware with bilateral pedicle screws in good postsurgical position. The orthopedic hardware creates mild streak artifact which mildly degrades images. There is a laminectomy defect, spondylolisthesis with 3.5mm of anterolisthesis of L5, posterior annular disc bulging greatest in the left foraminal region lying adjacent to the exiting left L5 nerve root. There is fusion of the facet joints, normal central canal and right neural foramen (image #69-70, 135).,There is no bony destructive change noted.,There is no perivertebral soft tissue abnormality.,There is minimal to mild arteriosclerotic vascular calcifications noted in the abdominal aorta and right proximal common iliac artery.,IMPRESSION:,Minimal curvature of the lumbar spine convex to the left.,L3-4 posterior non-compressive annular disc bulging eccentrically greater to the left.,L4-5 circumferential annular disc bulging, non-compressive central/right paramedian disc protrusion, left L5 laminectomy.,L5-S1 postsurgical change with posterolateral orthopedic fusion hardware in good postsurgical position, intervertebral disc spacer, spondylolisthesis, laminectomy defect, posterior annular disc bulging greatest in the left foraminal region adjacent to the exiting left L5 nerve root with questionable neural impingement.,Minimal to mild arteriosclerotic vascular calcifications.
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DESCRIPTION: This is a middle-aged female with low back pain radiating down the left leg and foot for one and a half years.

orthopedic, posterior annular disc, circumferential annular disc, normal central canal, annular disc bulging, lumbar spine, posterior annular, facet joints, annular disc, disc bulging, tomography, disc, lumbar, postsurgical, spine, annular, bulging,

The CT findings describe multiple lumbar spine issues, including spondylolisthesis and postoperative changes, which are significant but not immediately life-threatening. These findings may cause pain and mobility issues for the patient, potentially impacting quality of life significantly. However, the situation is not acutely high-stakes like a life-threatening emergency, as there are no described neural impingements or destructive bony changes that would require urgent intervention. A conservative approach or further neurosurgical evaluation could be warranted, depending on symptoms and functional impact.